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Rabindranath Tagore(1861-1941)was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, which was a new religious sect in nineteenth-century Bengal and which attempted a revival of the ultimate monistic basis of Hinduism as laid down in the Upanishads.He was educated at home;and although at seventeen he was sent to England for formal schooling, he did not finish his studies there.In his mature years, in addition to his many-sided literary activities, he managed the family estates, a project which brought him into close touch with common humanity and increased his interest in social reforms.He also started an experimental school at Shantiniketan where he tried his Upanishadic ideals of education.From time to time he participated in the Indian nationalist movement, though in his own non-sentimental and visionary way;and Gandhi, the political father of modern India, was his devoted friend.Tagore was knighted by the ruling British Government in 1915, but within a few years he resigned the honour as a protest against British policies in India.Tagore had early success as a writer in his native Bengal.With his translations of some of his poems he became rapidly known in the West.In fact his fame attained a luminous height, taking him across continents on lecture tours and tours of friendship.For the world he became the voice of India's spiritual heritage;and for India, especially for Bengal, he became a great living institution.Although Tagore wrote successfully in all literary genres, he was first of all a poet.Among his fifty and odd volumes of poetry are Manasi(1890)[The Ideal One], Sonar Tari(1894)[The Golden Boat], Gitanjali(1910)[Song Offerings], Gitimalya(1914)[Wreath of Songs], and Balaka(1916)[The Flight of Cranes].The English renderings of his poetry, which include The Gardener(1913), Fruit-Gathering(1916), and The Fugitive(1921), do not generally correspond to particular volumes in the original Bengali;and in spite of its title, Gitanjali: Song Offerings(1912), the most acclaimed of them, contains poems from other works besides its namesake.Tagore's major plays are Raja(1910)[The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar(1912)[The Post Office], Achalayatan(1912)[The Immovable], Muktadhara(1922)[The Waterfall], and Raktakaravi(1926)[Red Oleanders].He is the author of several volumes of short stories and a number of novels, among them Gora(1910), Ghare-Baire(1916)[The Home and the World], and Yogayog(1929)

[Crosscurrents].Besides these, he wrote musical dramas, dance dramas, essays of all types, travel diaries, and two autobiographies, one in his middle years and the other shortly before his death in 1941.Tagore also left numerous drawings and paintings, and songs for which he wrote the music himself.From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel.It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures.To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.Rabindranath Tagore died on August 7, 1941.Greatest writer in modern Indian literature, Bengali poet, novelist, educator, and an early advocate of Independence for India.Tagaore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.Two years later he was awarded the knighthood, but he surrendered it in 1919 as a protest against the Massacre of Amritsar, where British troops killed some 400 Indian demonstrators.Tagore's influence over Gandhi and the founders of modern India was enormous, but his reputation in the West as a mystic has perhaps mislead his Western readers to ignore his role as a reformer and critic of colonialism.“When one knows thee, then alien there is none, then no door is shut.Oh, grant me my prayer that I may never lose touch of the one in the play of the many.”(from Gitanjali)

Rabindranath Tagore was born in Calcutta into a wealthy and prominent family.His father was Maharishi Debendranath Tagore, a religious reformer and scholar.His mother, Sarada Devi, died when Tagore was very younghe did not like the weather.Once he gave a beggar a cold coinwhich are in the original, my Indians tell me, full of subtlety of rhythm, of untranslatable delicacies of colour, of metrical invention-display in their thought a world I have dreamed of all my life long.“ Tagore's poems were also praised by Ezra Pound, and drew the attention of the Nobel Prize committee.”There is in him the stillness of nature.The poems do not seem to have been produced by storm or by ignition, but seem to show the normal habit of his mind.He is at one with nature, and finds no contradictions.And this is in sharp contrast with the Western mode, where man must be shown attempting to master nature if we are to have “great drama.”(Ezra Pound in Fortnightly Review, 1 March 1913)However, Tagore also experimented with poetic forms and these works have lost much in translations into other languages.Much of Tagore's ideology come from the teaching of the Upahishads and from his own beliefs that God can be found through personal purity and service to others.He stressed the need for new world order based on transnational values and ideas, the “unity consciousness.” “The soil, in return for her service, keeps the tree tied to her;the sky asks nothing and leaves it free.” Politically active in India, Tagore was a supporter of Gandhi, but warned of the dangers of nationalistic thought.Unable to gain ideological support to his views, he retired into relative solitude.Between the years 1916 and 1934 he travelled widely.From his journey to Japan in 1916 he produced articles and books.In 1927 he toured in Southeast Asia.Letters from Java, which first was serialized in Vichitra, was issued as a book, JATRI, in 1929.His Majesty, Riza Shah Pahlavi, invited Tagore to Iran in 1932.On his journeys and lecture tours Tagore attempted to spread the ideal of uniting East and West.While in Japan he wrote: “The Japanese do not waste their energy in useless screaming

and quarreling, and because there is no waste of energy it is not found wanting when required.This calmness and fortitude of body and mind is part of their national self-realization.”

Tagore wrote his most important works in Bengali, but he often translated his poems into English.At the age of 70 Tagore took up painting.He was also a composer, settings hundreds of poems to music.Many of his poems are actually songs, and inseparable from their music.Tagore's 'Our Golden Bengal' became the national anthem of Bangladesh.Only hours before he died on August 7, in 1941, Tagore dictated his last poem.His written production, still not completely collected, fills nearly 30 substantial volumes.Tagore remained a well-known and popular author in the West until the end of the 1920s, but nowadays he is not so much read.