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第一篇：吐魯番火焰山導(dǎo)游詞

各位游客：

新疆的吐魯番有兩座中國(guó)現(xiàn)存最完整的古城遺址，1961年被列為首批全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位，分別是高昌故城和河故城，被稱(chēng)為吐魯番盆地中一對(duì)風(fēng)格不同的“姐妹城”。它們?cè)诮?jīng)歷了幾千年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨后，如今雖然只留下斷壁殘?jiān)?，然而?dāng)年高聳的城墻依然氣勢(shì)恢弘，深陷的護(hù)城河輪廓仍歷歷在目。下面讓我們帶著訪古探勝的心情，先去參觀一下高故城吧：

高昌故城的得名→高昌王國(guó)的歷史

游客們，高昌故城位于吐魯番以東45公里處的火焰山南麓，即木頭溝河的三角洲地段，這座馳名中外的西域古都，曾先后為麴氏高昌王國(guó)和回鶻高昌王國(guó)的都城，歷盡繁華，曾是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門(mén)戶。在前往故城的途中，我先來(lái)介紹一下它的得名和歷史。

高昌故城，維吾爾語(yǔ)中稱(chēng)為“亦都護(hù)城”，也就是“王城”的意思?！侗笔?高昌傳》中稱(chēng)它因“地勢(shì)高敞，人庶昌盛”而得名高昌。

據(jù)歷史記載，高昌故城始建于公元前1世紀(jì)的西漢。當(dāng)時(shí)稱(chēng)為“高昌壁”或“高昌壘”，漢、魏、晉歷代都曾在此設(shè)立“戊己校尉”，管理屯田，抵御匈奴，故又名“戊己校尉城”。公元327年，前涼張駿在此設(shè)置高昌郡，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了西域郡縣制的先河。高昌建國(guó)是在公元460年(北魏和平元年)，車(chē)師國(guó)滅亡，柔然立闡氏伯周為王，稱(chēng)其國(guó)為高昌國(guó)，從而掀開(kāi)了高昌王國(guó)的序幕。南北朝時(shí)期，這里諸王爭(zhēng)霸，但國(guó)號(hào)仍為“高昌”。公元604年，唐貞觀年間，高昌王勾結(jié)西突厥截?cái)嘟z綢之路，唐太宗派人平定了高昌王國(guó)，將高昌改稱(chēng)“西州”。公元9世紀(jì)末，由漠北西遷到此的回鶻人建立了回鶻高昌國(guó)，仍臣屬中原王朝，史稱(chēng)“西州回鶻”或“高昌回鶻”。1208年，高昌回鶻則順成吉思汗，稱(chēng)“畏兀兒王國(guó)”。1283年，高昌城毀于戰(zhàn)火，高昌回鶻王國(guó)滅亡，至此，高昌城被廢。 縱觀高昌故城的歷史演變，歷經(jīng)1500多年，其間由盛及衰，演繹了一部西域部族的興亡史。

高昌故城遺址→ 高昌的對(duì)外交流→ 高昌文化

游客們，現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)到了高昌故城遺址。只見(jiàn)殘破的城墻全用黃土夯成，倘若登高展望，全城平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形;分外城、內(nèi)城、宮城三部分。布局似唐代的長(zhǎng)安城。外城呈正方形，周長(zhǎng)5.4公里，城墻最高處達(dá)11.5米，城基寬12米。內(nèi)城居于外城正中，周長(zhǎng)3600米，現(xiàn)僅存西墻980米，南墻850米。宮城居于外城城北。請(qǐng)看，前方那數(shù)座高3米至4米的土臺(tái)稱(chēng)為“可汗堡”，就是原回鵲高昌的宮廷所在地。這里發(fā)掘出的綠色琉璃瓦、紋飾華麗的石柱礎(chǔ)和巨幅的奏樂(lè)圖精美壁畫(huà)，記錄了故都昔日的繁華。據(jù)史書(shū)記載，鼎盛時(shí)期的能城有12個(gè)門(mén)，市內(nèi)房屋鱗次櫛比，有作坊、市場(chǎng)、廟宇和居民區(qū)等建筑，總面積為200萬(wàn)平方米。密集的民居和市井坊肆建筑群，風(fēng)格與交河故城相似，下挖為院，掏洞為室，不用木料，為吐魯番一奇。

漢唐以來(lái)，高昌是連接中原、中亞、歐洲的樞紐，它既是經(jīng)貿(mào)活動(dòng)的集散地，又是世界宗教文化的薈萃地。當(dāng)時(shí)波斯等 地的商人，從他們國(guó)家?guī)?lái)苜蓿、葡萄、香料、胡椒、寶石和駿馬來(lái)到高昌城，又從這里帶走中原的絲綢、瓷器、茶葉和造紙、火藥、印刷術(shù)。與此同時(shí)，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)高昌傳入內(nèi)地。當(dāng)時(shí)的居民先后信奉佛教、景教和摩尼教，高昌成了世界古代宗教最活躍、最發(fā)達(dá)的地方。

高昌王國(guó)鼎盛時(shí)期;還孕育了豐富的高昌文化，成為高昌的珍貴遺產(chǎn)。麴氏高昌王國(guó)十任國(guó)王都是漢人，因此漢文化對(duì)高昌的影響顯而易見(jiàn)。但高昌畢竟屬于雜胡地帶，車(chē)師、回鶻、突厥以至后來(lái)的吐蕃、蒙古等多民族雜居，因此當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?huì)數(shù)種語(yǔ)言，語(yǔ)種形態(tài)豐富而有趣。此外，高昌人的服飾也十分講究，并擅長(zhǎng)制作美食。馳名中外的高昌古樂(lè)，更是高昌人的驕傲，它以濃烈的異域風(fēng)情和豐富的藝術(shù)語(yǔ)匯在漢唐時(shí)流行，被列入唐朝十部大樂(lè)之中，成為中西融合的文化瑰寶?？梢赃@樣理解，高昌故城的魅力，在于其深厚的文體底蘊(yùn)，使之成為代表西域歷史的典范和標(biāo)本。

講經(jīng)堂遺址→ 唐僧玄奘與高昌

游客們，高昌故城廢棄以后，被開(kāi)墾為耕地，大部分地面建筑蕩然無(wú)存，遺址保存較好的除城墻外，還有外城西南角的一座寺院，下面就讓我們乘著“驢的”前往參觀。

各位游客，請(qǐng)看這座大佛寺遺址，占地近1萬(wàn)平方米。仔細(xì)觀察，這座佛寺的山門(mén)、講經(jīng)堂、大殿、藏經(jīng)樓、僧舍等建筑布局，仍歷歷在目。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫(huà)上的聯(lián)珠紋圖分析，其建筑年代屬麴氏高昌中期，約為隋代所建。

說(shuō)起這座佛寺，鼎鼎大名的唐代高僧玄奘還曾到此講過(guò)經(jīng)。相傳公元629年(唐貞觀三年)，玄奘29歲時(shí)，為了提高佛學(xué)水平，不畏艱險(xiǎn)，從長(zhǎng)安出發(fā)西行，沿絲綢之路到佛國(guó)印度游學(xué)取經(jīng)，歷時(shí)17年。由于玄類(lèi)取經(jīng)起初并未得到唐朝政府的支持，他只能夾在西域商人中出行，因?yàn)闆](méi)有政府發(fā)給的公文，路上還曾受到緝拿。然而玄類(lèi)在克服了重重困難以后，不僅從印度取得了佛經(jīng)，而且返回故土，著書(shū)立說(shuō)，糾正了國(guó)內(nèi)僧侶對(duì)佛經(jīng)種種不正確的解釋?zhuān)蔀樽罹呗曂囊淮呱?/p>

回國(guó)后，玄奘的境遇與出國(guó)前迥然不同，他受到了唐朝政府的高度重視，唐高宗李治在為紀(jì)念母親而建的慈恩寺內(nèi)造了一座大雁塔，專(zhuān)門(mén)用來(lái)供放玄奘帶回來(lái)的歷7部佛經(jīng)。玄奘在西行路上，途經(jīng)伊吾(今哈密)，當(dāng)高昌王麴文泰得知東土大唐不遠(yuǎn)萬(wàn)里來(lái)了一位求法的高僧時(shí)，便派人把玄類(lèi)請(qǐng)來(lái)，專(zhuān)門(mén)安排在王宮內(nèi)居住，與玄奘結(jié)為兄弟。他還苦口婆心地勸說(shuō)玄奘留在高昌當(dāng)“國(guó)師”，但不能動(dòng)搖玄類(lèi)西行探求真經(jīng)的堅(jiān)志大愿。高昌王無(wú)奈，只好請(qǐng)玄類(lèi)講經(jīng)一月后再走。

臨行前，高昌王為玄奘寫(xiě)了24封致西域各國(guó)的通行文書(shū)，還贈(zèng)送了馬匹和25名仆役。出發(fā)那天，全城夾道相送，高昌王鞠義泰抱住大師失聲勵(lì)哭，親自送至100公里外的交河城，才依依惜別。唐僧玄奘和高昌王麴文泰的故事為我們留下了一段舌古佳話，以致吳承恩的神話小說(shuō)《西游記》中就有以火焰山等為場(chǎng)景而衍化出的美麗傳奇。

各位游客，高昌故城的參觀即將結(jié)束了。望著這屢經(jīng)歲月剝蝕的故城，在領(lǐng)略它的古老、蒼茫和凝重之余，您還將作何觀感呢?“曾經(jīng)的輝煌將永遠(yuǎn)讓人銘記”，或許這就是歷史給我們的啟迪吧!

第二篇：吐魯番盆地的導(dǎo)游詞

Dear tourists

As we all know, the hottest place in the country is Turpan, and the hottestplace in Turpan is fangdangtui Huoyan mountain. In summer, the highesttemperature of Huoyanshan is above 47.8 ℃. In midsummer, when the sun is red,the earth's atmosphere is transpiration and the clouds are shrouded, which isvery spectacular.

The name of Huoyanshan → mountain characteristics

Tourists, through the window, we can see that the thing in front is like afire dragon lying in the middle of Turpan Basin. The red mountain isYanshan.

The name of Huoyanshan mainly comes from its appearance. Look! The bedrockof Huoyanshan is exposed, the reddish brown sandstone glows in the hot sun, andthe hot air is rolling up, just like thousands of flames burning. The name of"Huoyanshan" comes from this. Huoyanshan is called chishi mountain in ancientbooks, and kiziltag in Uighur language, which means red mountain. CEN Shenci, apoet of the Tang Dynasty, passed through Huoyanshan and wrote "the volcanostands out at the mouth of chitingkou, and the fire clouds are thick in May.".The mountains are full of volcanoes and the birds are flying far away. "Dare notcome". Chen Cheng, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, once wrote a poem to describeit: "a piece of smoke and a piece of red, burning to the sky. At the end ofspring, it's half as clear as summer. Who knows that there is Zhu Rong in thewest? " It can be called a vivid portrayal of Huoyanshan.

Huoyanshan is a long and narrow mountain in east-west direction, with atotal length of 98 km and a north-south width of 9 km. The general height isabout 500 meters, and the highest peak is 831.7 meters. Despite the fact thatthere is no grass on the surface of Huoyan mountain, due to crustal movement andriver cutting, there are many picturesque gullies and canyons hidden in themountain, such as Putaogou, tuyugou, taoergou, mumugou, shengjinkou Canyon, etc.In these valleys, the streams linger, the melons and fruits are fragrant, theflowers and trees are verdant, and the scenery is charming, just like the"flower and fruit dock" scene in "Huozhou".

The formation of Huoyanshan → the best observation point is shengjinkou

Perhaps some tourists will ask: How did the flame mountain form? How manyyears ago? The answer to these two questions can be traced back to 140 millionyears ago. At that time, due to the short and small folds in the front of Bogdamountain in the east of Tianshan Mountain, the crust changed, and after theHimalayan orogeny, the rudiment of the mountains gradually formed. Since then,it has experienced a long geological period, spanning several geological periodsof Jurassic, Cretaceous and tertiary, together with the special climateenvironment, showing the current geological shape.

Tourists, the best place to observe the structure of Huoyanshan isshengjinkou. Please get out of the car and take photos in front of the stonepedestal with the sign of "Huoyanshan", and then listen to my explanation.

Shengjinkou is 30 kilometers away from Turpan City in the west, connectingXinjiang with the mainland of 312 national highway, and crossing the Huoyanshanby the mugou river. Shengjinkou mountain is a precipitous place for militarystrategists since ancient times. As for the name of shengjinkou, there isanother origin: in the past, the local people called shengjinkou "seepingmouth". That's because after the water from mutugou flowed out of TianshanMountain, it became less and less. When they arrived at the Gobi desert nearshengjinkou, the water almost seeped clean, so they called it "seeping mouth".Later, people thought the name was not very auspicious, so they changed itshomonym to "shengjinkou", so it has been used to this day.

[story of Huoyanshan: myth of journey to the West → Uyghur folklore]tourists, Huoyanshan is named not only because of its unique appearance andstructure, but also because of its legendary mythology.

Journey to the west is one of the stories in which the master andapprentice of Tang monks and disciples of the Tang Dynasty are hindered fromlearning from the Buddhist scriptures in Huoyan mountain. In the 59th and 60thchapters of journey to the west, "Tang Sanzang road blocks Flame Mountain, andsun Xinger's three tune banana fan," it is written: "there is a state of Sri onthe Western Road, which is the place where the sun sets. It is commonly called"the end of the sky. ". There is a flame mountain here. It is hot all the yearround. The Flame Mountain has a flame of 800 Li, surrounded by nothing. If youcross the mountain, you will turn your copper skull and iron body into juice. "Although this description is exaggerated, the basic characteristics of hotseasons and barren grass are completely consistent with the actual situation ofHuoyanshan. It can be seen that the author did not invent it out of thinair.

In the eyes of the common people, good is the highest beauty, so the endingof the story in Huoyanshan is that justice will defeat evil, which has beendescribed in detail in Uygur folklore. It is said that a long time ago, therewas a dragon in the depths of Tianshan Mountain, which ate only boys and girls.The local top leader was determined to kill the dragon for the people, so hesent a warrior named Hala and Zhuo to subdue the dragon. After a thrillingbattle, Hara and Zhuo beat the dragon with their swords and finally subdued thedragon. After the dragon was injured, it rotated along the mountain, and thewhole mountain was dyed red by blood. Therefore, Uighur people called thismountain "Red Mountain".

Beautiful legend, profound meaning, reverie. Tourists, when we stop andthink about the flame mountain, we will feel that the wonders of Flame Mountainare not enough, and the story of Flame Mountain is endless. In order to makesure that you don't have any regrets, the next time you visit the old city ofGaochang and the thousand Buddha cave in bozikrik, you have to pass by the flamemountain. Therefore, we can fully enjoy the wonderful scenery of the flamemountain from different directions. I hope the trip to flame mountain will leaveyou a good memory.

第三篇：吐魯番盆地的導(dǎo)游詞

Dear tourists

When you come to Turpan, people can't help but ask: how can there be largeoases in places with extremely dry climate, known as "Huozhou" and "Fengku"?What's the secret? The secret is the Karez group distributed in Xinjiang, whichis like the blood of human body, extending to the vast Gobi and irrigating alarge area of Xinjiang. The wonderful Karez is also the most widely distributedin Turpan, becoming the spring of life and the source of evergreen, wateringTurpan's verdant grapes and sweet melons. Now let's visit this world-famousirrigation project.

Structure of Karez → construction method of Karez

Tourists, now we come to Karez paradise. First of all, please follow me toKarez museum to learn about the construction of Karez.

Karez is a kind of underground water diversion project created by theworking people of all ethnic groups living in Xinjiang according to the localclimate and hydrological characteristics. There are about 1600 Karez inXinjiang, among which Turpan is the most concentrated. According to statistics,there are 1158 Karez in Turpan, with a total length of about 5000 km, which isequivalent to the mileage from Urumqi to Harbin. Karez is one of the greatestunderground water conservancy projects in ancient China. It is called"underground canal" by experts in geography. Together with the great wall andBeijing Hangzhou Grand Canal, it is called the three major projects in ancientChina.

You may have heard about Karez, but its structure may not be very clear.Now I'll introduce it to you. Karez was called "Jingqu" in ancient times, whichmeans "Jingxue". It is composed of four parts: vertical shaft, undergroundchannel, open channel and waterlogging dam.

The reason why a large number of Karez were built in Turpan is inseparablefrom the natural conditions here. First of all, the terrain of Turpan Basin isvery low, with an area of 2085 square kilometers below sea level. Turpan issurrounded by mountains. Every year, a large amount of snow on the mountainsmelts and flows into the valley. When the snow water flows through the Gobi, itseeps into the ground to form a subsurface flow, which provides a rich source ofwater for Karez.

Then how is the Karez built? Please see: the construction method of Karezis to find the water source at the snow water undercurrent in the high mountainsand valleys, and then drill a vertical shaft every 20 to 30 meters, the depth ofthe shaft varies from 10 to tens of meters, to gather the groundwater toincrease the water potential, and then according to the terrain, dig anunderground channel at the bottom of the shaft to connect with each well, drainit straight down, and connect it to a distant place Oasis, water will be led outfrom the open channel to the ground for irrigation. Waterlogging dam is areservoir for regulating water quantity. A Karez is generally about 3 km long,and the longest one is usually several Karez connected for tens or even hundredsof kilometers, in which there are at least dozens of shafts and more than 300shafts. The shaft in the upstream is relatively deep, up to 100 meters in somecases, and the shaft in the downstream is relatively shallow, generally only afew meters. The function of Karez is to avoid water evaporation. This project isa great innovation to adapt to the characteristics of dry climate. What isparticularly praiseworthy is that the local people rely on their hands andsimple tools to dig deep wells and underground canals. The vastness of theproject and the ingenious structure are amazing.

I would like you to recall that when we drove near Turpan City, we couldsee piles of round earth bags down the slope on the Gobi outside the lush oasis,extending to the oasis in an orderly way. Those are the vertical wellheads ofKarez. If you look down from high altitude, those mounds are like necklaces tiedwith pearls, decorating Turpan, an ancient but still youthful place.

Reasons for the construction of Karez → origin of Karez tour guide ofXinjiang general situation tour guide of Putaogou in Turpan tour guide of Niyasite

Now let's talk about the reasons for the construction of Karez. Due to thedrought and less rain in Xinjiang, the amount of evaporation is large, and theKarez is an underground channel for water delivery, with small evaporation andstable flow, which can be irrigated by gravity all the year round. In addition,the soil here is calcareous clay, so the dug Karez is very solid and not easy tocollapse. The temperature of snow water in high mountains is very low, if directirrigation is unfavorable to the growth of crops, while the surface temperaturein Turpan is very high, the temperature rises naturally after snow water flowsthrough Karez, which is very suitable for watering crops. Therefore, in thelong-term struggle against drought, people of all ethnic groups in Xinjianginvented this method of digging wells and irrigating fields. A Karez is a freshspring that is not dry. It forms the lifeline and lifeline of Huozhou, whichmakes Xinjiang, a place with little rainfall, accumulate water and become anindispensable spring of life in Xinjiang people's life.

There are always three theories about the origin of Turpan Karez: one isthe theory of Guanzhong well canal in Han Dynasty. This view holds that the"well canal method" invented by people in Han Dynasty was introduced intoXinjiang and developed into Karez now. The second is related to Lin Zexu. AfterLin Zexu was exiled to Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty, he went through Turpanin 1845 and found that it was hot and rainy. So he carefully checked the terrainand water sources, and guided the people of Xinjiang to invent this method ofdigging wells and irrigating fields according to their own geographicalcharacteristics. The third view is that Karez was first created by the Persiansin Western Asia 2500 years ago and later passed down to Xinjiang. Of course,these three views need to be verified.

But what I want to tell you is that the distribution of Karez on the earthis connected with the Silk Road, which connects Eastern and Western cultures.Karez have been found in Pakistan, Iran and along the Caspian Sea. Therefore, itis no exaggeration to say that Karez is a pearl in the world cultural heritage.Until today, Karez still plays an important role in the agricultural developmentof Turpan, Xinjiang.

Karez open channel → Karez culvert

After visiting the Karez Museum and walking out of the museum, you can seethe clear spring beside the road. This is the pure snow mountain water flowingout of the Karez canal. It is crystal clear. If you reach for it, you will feelcool. It's really "crystal clear and cool".

The underdrain of Karez can only be seen when you enter the cave. You canonly see the water gurgling in the underdrain, which makes you feel very happy.There are thousands of such wells and canals in Xinjiang. The total length ofthe underground rivers is twice as long as that of the Great Wall, and far morethan that of the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal.

Tourists, today's Karez is not only an important water conservancyfacility, but also a great cultural landscape for Chinese and foreign tourists.In particular, a folk song and dance performance full of Xinjiang Uygur strongcustoms in Karez paradise will make you feel restless. The bright rhythm, lightmelody and passionate mood make you join them while enjoying. You can't helpsinging and dancing like Uygur girls and young men, and feel the pure fun ofthis song and dance hometown.

Ladies and gentlemen, the melodious singing in Karez paradise has alreadybeen sung. Now, please go to enjoy it!

第四篇：吐魯番盆地的導(dǎo)游詞

高昌故城遺址坐落在吐魯番市東面約四十公里的哈拉和卓鄉(xiāng)所在地附近，北距火焰山南麓的木頭溝溝口(勝金口)約6.5公里，東距鄯善縣城約55公里，屬吐魯番文物局管轄。它是古絲綢之路的必經(jīng)之地和重要門(mén)戶。高昌故城的維吾爾語(yǔ)稱(chēng)亦都護(hù)城，即"王城"之意，因?yàn)榇顺菫楦卟佞X王國(guó)的都城，故名。

1961年被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文保護(hù)單位。被譽(yù)為“長(zhǎng)安遠(yuǎn)在西域的翻版”曾經(jīng)有一位考古學(xué)家這樣說(shuō)“如果想知道盛唐時(shí)的長(zhǎng)安城是什么樣，就來(lái)吐魯番的高昌故城吧，它就是唐時(shí)長(zhǎng)安遠(yuǎn)在西域的翻版”時(shí)光已逝千年，但當(dāng)時(shí)的繁盛仍依稀可見(jiàn)。

高昌故城奠基于公元前一世紀(jì)，是西漢王朝在車(chē)師前國(guó)境內(nèi)的屯田部隊(duì)所建?！稘h書(shū)》中最早提到了“高昌壁”。《北史?西域傳》記載：“昔漢武遣兵西討，師旅頓敝，其中尤困者因住焉。地勢(shì)高敞，人庶昌盛，因名高昌”。漢、魏、晉歷代均派有戊己校尉此城，管理屯田，故又被稱(chēng)為“戊己校尉城”。

公元320xx年，前涼張駿在此“置高昌郡，立田地縣”(《初學(xué)記》卷八引顧野三《輿地志》)。繼之又先后為河西走廊的前奏、后涼、西涼、北涼所管轄。442年，北涼殘余勢(shì)力在沮渠無(wú)諱率領(lǐng)下“西逾流沙”，在此建立了流亡政權(quán)。450年，沮渠安周攻破交河城，滅車(chē)師前國(guó)，吐魯番盆地政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的中心遂由交河城完全轉(zhuǎn)移到高昌城。460年，柔然人殺北涼王安周，“以闞伯周為高昌王。高昌之稱(chēng)王自此始也”(《周書(shū)。高昌傳》)。

此后張、馬、麴氏在高昌相繼稱(chēng)王，其中以麴氏高昌統(tǒng)治時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，達(dá)一百四十余年(499-640)。

這些“高昌王“均受中原王朝的冊(cè)封。麴伯雅還曾到隋朝長(zhǎng)安朝覲，并娶隋華容公主為妻。

640年，唐吏部尚書(shū)侯君集帶兵統(tǒng)一了高昌，在此置西州，下轄高昌、交河、柳中、蒲昌、天山五縣。由侯君集所得高昌國(guó)戶籍檔案統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)有人口三萬(wàn)七千。

八世紀(jì)末以后，吐蕃人曾一度占據(jù)了高昌。

九世紀(jì)中葉以后，漠北草原回鶻汗國(guó)衰亡后，西遷的部分余眾攻下高昌，在此建立了回鶻高昌國(guó)。其疆域最盛時(shí)包括原唐朝的西州、伊州、庭州以及焉耆、龜茲二都督府之地。此外還統(tǒng)有分布在羅布淖一帶的眾熨及其它一些別的民族或部落，地域范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了今吐魯番盆地。1220xx年，高昌回鶻臣附蒙古，成吉思汗賜回鶻高昌王為自己的第五子，并下嫁公主。

十三世紀(jì)以后，天山以北廣大地區(qū)的西北蒙古游牧貴族以海都、都哇為首發(fā)動(dòng)叛亂，堅(jiān)持“仍舊要生活在草原上，不能到城市地區(qū)去”，曾多次南下侵犯臣屬于元朝的回鶻高昌國(guó)，1275年一次出兵十二萬(wàn)圍攻火州(高昌)達(dá)半年之久，后來(lái)亦都護(hù)(高昌王號(hào))火赤哈爾的斤終于戰(zhàn)死在同海都、都哇的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)火延續(xù)四十余年之久，高昌城在戰(zhàn)亂中被毀。

元延v三年至五年(1316-1318)，受元仁宗冊(cè)封繼承高王位的火赤哈爾的斤的兒子紐林的斤，在元朝的支持下，“領(lǐng)兵火州，復(fù)立畏兀兒城池”(《元史?巴而術(shù)阿爾忒的斤傳》)。由于高昌城在戰(zhàn)火中毀壞過(guò)甚，這次重建的火州城已不在高昌舊址，而在原高昌城西(今阿斯塔那居民村附近)。元朝統(tǒng)治瓦解后，火洲部割據(jù)處稱(chēng)“地面”，故《明史》稱(chēng)：“火州……東有荒城，即高昌國(guó)都”。

登高眺望，全程平面略呈不規(guī)則的正方形，布局可以分為外城、內(nèi)城和宮城三部分。城垣保存較完整。

外城略呈方形，周長(zhǎng)約五公里，占地面二百萬(wàn)平方米。城墻為夯筑，墻基厚約12米，高11.5米，周長(zhǎng)約5公里;夯土筑成，夯層厚8-12厘米，間雜少量的土坯，有清楚地夾棍眼;城垣外側(cè)有突出的垛臺(tái)一“馬面”建筑。

高昌故城外城西南角的一所寺院，占地近一萬(wàn)平方米，由大門(mén)、庭院、講經(jīng)堂、藏經(jīng)樓、大殿、僧房等組成。從建筑特征和殘存壁畫(huà)上的聯(lián)珠紋圖案分析，其建筑年代約在公元六世紀(jì)。寺院附近還殘存一些“坊”、“市”遺址，可能是小手工業(yè)者的作坊和商業(yè)市場(chǎng)。外城的東南角也有一所寺院，保存有一座多邊形的塔和一個(gè)禮拜窟(支提窟)，是城內(nèi)唯一保存有較好壁畫(huà)的地方。從壁畫(huà)的風(fēng)格和塔的造型分析，為回鶻高昌后期(公元12-13世紀(jì))的建筑。

內(nèi)城北部正中有一平面不規(guī)則略呈正方形的小堡壘，當(dāng)?shù)亟小翱珊贡ぁ?。堡?nèi)北面的高臺(tái)上有一高達(dá)十五米的夯筑方形塔狀建筑物;稍西有一座地上地下雙層建筑物，現(xiàn)僅存地下部分，南、西、北三面有寬大的階梯式門(mén)道供出入，規(guī)模雖不大，但與交河故城現(xiàn)存唐代最豪華的一所官署衙門(mén)建筑形式相同，可能是一宮殿遺址。解放前，一支德國(guó)考察隊(duì)曾在堡內(nèi)東南角盜掘出一方“北涼承平三年(445)沮渠安周造寺功德碑”。沮渠安周是在高昌建立流亡政權(quán)的北涼王，據(jù)該碑推斷，此堡可能是當(dāng)時(shí)的宮城，并有王室寺院。

北部的宮城內(nèi)留存許多高大的殿基，一般高三米半至四米左右，可以看出其中有高達(dá)四層的宮殿建筑遺址。

高昌城北面原是一片茫茫戈壁，居民死后大都葬在這里。整個(gè)墓群從城東北一直延伸到城西北，東西長(zhǎng)約五公里，南北寬兩公里，占地十平方公里左右。本世紀(jì)初以來(lái)，在這里發(fā)掘清理墓葬五百多座，出土文書(shū)、絲毛棉麻織物、墓志、錢(qián)幣、泥塑木雕俑、陶木器皿、繪畫(huà)、農(nóng)作物、瓜果食品等各種歷史文物，數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)。

實(shí)地考察，證之文獻(xiàn)資料，高昌郡時(shí)期高昌城已經(jīng)有了現(xiàn)存的內(nèi)城。外城墻是麴氏高昌時(shí)期所建。城北郊阿斯塔那-哈拉和卓古墓群出土的屬于這一時(shí)期的文書(shū)中有“北坊中城”、“東南坊”、“西南坊”等記載，說(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)此城已經(jīng)有中、外之分，東、南、西、北之別。見(jiàn)于文書(shū)中的城門(mén)有青陽(yáng)門(mén)、建陽(yáng)門(mén)、玄德門(mén)、武城門(mén)、金章門(mén)、金福門(mén)等。敦煌莫高窟藏經(jīng)洞發(fā)現(xiàn)的《西州圖經(jīng)》中記：“圣人塔，在子城東北角”，表明唐代西州城是有子城的。早期的宮城在今“可汗堡”內(nèi)。麴氏高昌時(shí)期隨著外城的修建，宮城遂遷移到北部，南面而王，與隋唐時(shí)長(zhǎng)安城的布局相似?；佞X高昌時(shí)期宮城內(nèi)又曾大興土木。

漢唐以來(lái)，高昌是連接中原中亞、歐洲的樞紐。經(jīng)貿(mào)活動(dòng)十分活躍，世界各地的宗教先后經(jīng)由高昌傳入內(nèi)地，毫不夸張的說(shuō)，它是世界古代宗教最活躍最發(fā)達(dá)的地方，也是世界宗教文化薈萃的寶地之一。唐代佛教高僧玄奘，為了提高佛教學(xué)水平，不畏殺身之禍，于公元620xx年偷偷離開(kāi)長(zhǎng)安，出玉門(mén)，經(jīng)高昌，沿絲綢中路到印度，遍游今阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度諸國(guó)，歷時(shí)20xx年。在高昌，玄奘誦經(jīng)講佛，與高昌王拜為兄弟，留下一段千古佳話。

高昌故城自公元前一世紀(jì)建高昌壁，到十三世紀(jì)廢棄，使用了一千三百多年。始建時(shí)間距今已有兩千多年了。它是吐魯番地區(qū)千年滄桑的見(jiàn)證。

1988年被列為國(guó)家級(jí)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

第五篇：吐魯番火焰山導(dǎo)游詞

火焰山脈呈東西走向。東起鄯善縣蘭干流沙河，西止吐魯番桃兒溝，長(zhǎng)100公里，_寬處達(dá)10公里?；鹧嫔街厣蕉d嶺，寸草不生。每當(dāng)盛夏，紅日當(dāng)空，地氣蒸騰，焰云燎繞，形如飛騰的火龍，十分壯觀。明人吳承恩著名神話小說(shuō)《西游記》;以唐僧師徒四人西天取經(jīng)的故事而膾灸人口。第五十九和六十回，寫(xiě)唐三藏路阻火焰山，孫行者三調(diào)芭蕉扇的故事，更給火焰山罩上一層神秘的面紗。書(shū)中寫(xiě)道“西方路上有個(gè)斯哈哩國(guó)，乃日落之處，俗呼天盡頭，這里有座火焰山，無(wú)春無(wú)秋，四季皆熱?；鹧嫔?，有八百里火焰，四周?chē)绮莶簧Ｈ暨^(guò)得山，就是銅腦殼、鐵身軀，也要化成汁哩!”這段描寫(xiě)顯系夸張，但高熱這一基本特征與火焰山是完全符合的。

唐僧取經(jīng)群塑形態(tài)生動(dòng)，表情逼真。群塑是1989年修造的。來(lái)此觀瞻照相的中外游人接連不斷，是火焰山新辟的旅游景點(diǎn)之一。遺憾的是群塑人為的被高高的鐵柵欄團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住，形同囚犯，令游人駐足長(zhǎng)嘆。

火焰山是中國(guó)最熱的地方，夏季最高氣溫高達(dá)攝氏47.8度，地表最高溫度高達(dá)攝氏70度以上，沙窩里可烤熟雞蛋。由于地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)斷裂與河水切割，山腹中留下許多溝谷，主要有桃兒溝、木頭溝、吐峪溝、連木沁溝、蘇伯溝等。而這些溝谷中卻綠蔭蔽日，風(fēng)景秀麗，流水潺潺，瓜果飄香。