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第一篇：開題報(bào)告記錄怎么寫共

篇一：畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告記錄

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篇二：《開題報(bào)告》范文

國有企業(yè)人力資源管理問題初探

10秋 工商管理本科 廣東湛江師范學(xué)院中心

姓名：陳尚超 學(xué)號(hào)：100944013150002 1 研究的背景及意義

本文從人力資源管理的概念出發(fā)，首先介紹了我國國有企業(yè)改革的相關(guān)背景，闡述了人力資源管理的重要性。同時(shí)，本文對(duì)現(xiàn)有國有企業(yè)在人力資源管理上存在的五大問題進(jìn)行了分析，包括：缺乏長遠(yuǎn)的人力資源戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃；觀念落后，用人制度僵化，缺乏競爭機(jī)制；分配制度有欠公允，激勵(lì)機(jī)制尚不完善；人力資本投資不夠，人才儲(chǔ)備不合理；缺乏科學(xué)、合理、有效、可行的員工績效評(píng)估體系。本文的重點(diǎn)旨在分析現(xiàn)有國企在人力資源管理存在的問題，并著重提出了完善國有企業(yè)人力資源管理問題的相關(guān)對(duì)策。目的是通過這些對(duì)策的分析和認(rèn)識(shí)，提高國有企業(yè)人力資源管理的效果。 2 研究方法

案例研究法：本文運(yùn)用了廣東韶關(guān)鋼鐵集團(tuán)有限公司人力資源管理的案例，對(duì)國有企業(yè)人力資源管理的實(shí)際應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了探討。

文獻(xiàn)研究法：本文通過查閱大量相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，為本文的數(shù)據(jù)及研究提供相關(guān)參考。 3 論文提綱（研究路徑/論文（設(shè)計(jì)）框架）

一、引言

二、國有企業(yè)制度的回顧

三、國有企業(yè)人力資源管理存在的問題

四、完善國有企業(yè)人力資源管理的對(duì)策

五、國有企業(yè)人力資源管理問題的應(yīng)用研究——以廣東韶關(guān)鋼鐵集團(tuán)為例

六、結(jié)語

4 論文寫作計(jì)劃（進(jìn)度安排）

申請(qǐng)論文寫作的資格：xxxx年xx月xx日—xxxx年xx月xx日

完成開題報(bào)告：xxxx年xx月xx日—xxxx年xx月xx日 完成論文初稿：xxxx年xx月xx日—xxxx年xx月xx日

提交最終稿件：xxxx年xx月xx日—xxxx年xx月xx日

申請(qǐng)論文答辯：xxxx年xx月xx日—xxxx年xx月xx日 5 主要參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 陳敏. 對(duì)國有企業(yè)構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代人力資源管理體系的幾點(diǎn)思考. 湖南經(jīng)濟(jì)管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào). 2005(16): 3 [2] 陳璐. 對(duì)國有企業(yè)人力資源管理問題的初探. 特區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)2005(6): 3 [3] 李紅梅. 關(guān)于國有企業(yè)人力資源管理的思考. 皖西學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2005(5): 4 [4] 王軼. 關(guān)于國有企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)中以人為本思想的探討. 前沿2005(9): 5 [5] 高丹竹，楊侖賽. 國有企業(yè)人力資源問題與對(duì)策. 合作經(jīng)濟(jì)與科技2005: 6—8 [6] 王迪. 國有企業(yè)人力資源管理創(chuàng)新發(fā)展趨勢初探. 鐵道工程學(xué)報(bào)2005(4): 9—10 [7] 何躍美. 國有企業(yè)現(xiàn)代人力資源管理制度的建立. 韶關(guān)學(xué)院: 11 篇三：開題報(bào)告表

安徽新華學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開題報(bào)告表

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圖片已關(guān)閉顯示，點(diǎn)此查看 篇四：畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告概述表

xxxxxx畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開題報(bào)告概述表

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篇五：范例——開題報(bào)告表 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告表

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注：紙張?zhí)顚懖粔蚩闪砑痈巾?，學(xué)生對(duì)開題報(bào)告的修改另附頁。

本表在論文答辯后與對(duì)開題報(bào)告的修改一并歸入學(xué)生論文資料。

篇六：開題報(bào)告

昆明理工大學(xué)津橋?qū)W院畢業(yè)論文

開 題 報(bào) 告

系 別經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系

專 業(yè)物流管理

年 級(jí)2012 學(xué)生姓名代利杉

學(xué)號(hào) 201216016225 指導(dǎo)教師呂軍

日 期2015-10-13 題 目 重慶永輝超市采購物流發(fā)展及對(duì)策研究

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篇七：開題報(bào)告登記表 西藏大學(xué)農(nóng)牧學(xué)院

碩士學(xué)位論文開題報(bào)告登記表

碩 士 點(diǎn)： 農(nóng) 業(yè) 推 廣 專 業(yè)： 作 物 學(xué) 號(hào)： 2012101407 姓艾 阿 兵

論文題目： 我國農(nóng)業(yè)電子商務(wù)發(fā)展

導(dǎo)師姓名： 劉 翠 花 導(dǎo)師職稱： 教 授

填表日期： 年 月 日

一、立題依據(jù)和目標(biāo)

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二、研究方案

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三、完成該課題研究已具備的條件

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四、對(duì)開題報(bào)告的意見

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篇八：碩士論文-開題報(bào)告表

鄭州大學(xué)碩士研究生學(xué)位論文開題報(bào)告表

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注：開題報(bào)告結(jié)束后由院系審核備案。

第二篇：怎么寫開題報(bào)告開題報(bào)告

一、課題開題報(bào)告含義與作用

開題報(bào)告， 就是當(dāng)課題方向確定之后，課題負(fù)責(zé)人在調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上撰寫的報(bào)請(qǐng)上級(jí) 批準(zhǔn)的選題計(jì)劃。 它主要說明這個(gè)課題應(yīng)該進(jìn)行研究，自己有條件進(jìn)行研究以及準(zhǔn)備如何開 展研究等問題， 也可以說是對(duì)課題的論證和設(shè)計(jì)。開題報(bào)告是提高選題質(zhì)量和水平的重要環(huán)節(jié)。

二、開題報(bào)告的結(jié)構(gòu)與寫法

開題報(bào)告主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

(一)課題名稱

(二)課題研究的目的、意義

(三)國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢。就是本課題有沒有人研究，研究達(dá)到什么水平， 存在什么不足以及正在向什么方向發(fā)展等。開題報(bào)告寫這些內(nèi)容一方面可以論證本課題 研究的地位和價(jià)值， 另一方面也說明課題研究人員對(duì)本課題研究是否有較好的把握。我們進(jìn)行任何科學(xué)研究，必須對(duì)該問題的研究現(xiàn)狀有清醒的了解，這在第一部分已經(jīng)談到。

(四)課題研究的理論依據(jù)。我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的課題基本上都是應(yīng)用研究和發(fā)展研究，這就要求我們的研究必須有一些基本的理論依據(jù)來保證研究的科學(xué)性。比如： 我們要進(jìn)行活動(dòng)課實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，我們就必須以課程理論、學(xué)習(xí)心理理論、教育心理學(xué)理論為研究試驗(yàn)的理論依據(jù)。我們進(jìn)行教學(xué)模式創(chuàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)，就必須以教學(xué)理論、教育實(shí)驗(yàn)理論等為理論依據(jù)。

(五)課題主要研究內(nèi)容、方法

(六)研究工作的步驟

(七)課題參加人員的組成和專長。主要看參加人員的整體素質(zhì)與水平，尤其是課題負(fù)責(zé)人的水平怎么樣。如果參加人員和負(fù)責(zé)人既沒有理論又沒有實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)， 這個(gè)課題就無法很 好地完成，也就無法批準(zhǔn)立項(xiàng)。

(八)現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)。主要是人員基礎(chǔ)和物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。很多課題對(duì)人員和設(shè)備方面要求是比較高的，如果基本的研究條件都沒有，這個(gè)課題同樣不能立項(xiàng)。

(九)經(jīng)費(fèi)估算。就是課題在哪些方面要用錢，用多少錢，怎么管理等。

如何撰寫教育科研課題的開題報(bào)告

一、開題報(bào)告 開題報(bào)告就是課題方向確定之后， 課題負(fù)責(zé)人或課題組主研人員在調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上撰寫的報(bào)請(qǐng)上級(jí)批準(zhǔn)的選題、研究計(jì)劃。它主要說明這個(gè)課題應(yīng)該進(jìn)行研究，自己有條件進(jìn)行研究，準(zhǔn)備如何開展研究等問題，是對(duì)課題的再論證和再設(shè)計(jì)。

二、開題報(bào)告的作用。進(jìn)一步明確研究思路，完善實(shí)施方案，明晰研究技術(shù)線路，再次論證研究課題重要一步。

三、開題報(bào)告論證的主要內(nèi)容

1、審定課題名稱。一是看名稱表述是否準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范。準(zhǔn)確就是課題的名稱要把課題研究的問題是什么，研究的對(duì)象是什么交待清楚。規(guī)范就是所用的詞語、句型要規(guī)范、科學(xué)，似是而非的詞不能用，口號(hào)式、結(jié)論式的句型不要用。二要看名稱是否簡潔，不能太長，能不要的字就盡量不要，如：“應(yīng)用信息技術(shù)構(gòu)建高中地理教學(xué)中學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的實(shí)踐研究”、“網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下高中英語聽讀教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生文化素養(yǎng)提高和學(xué)習(xí)策略形成之影響”、“借助信息技術(shù)，變革學(xué)習(xí)方式”、“有效應(yīng)用信息技術(shù),促進(jìn)師生幸福成長”。

2、尋找研究依據(jù)。政策依據(jù)、理論依據(jù)、實(shí)踐依據(jù)，充分、貼切、準(zhǔn)確，不要貼標(biāo)簽，拉大旗，喊口號(hào)。

3、分析研究背景——現(xiàn)實(shí)背景、歷史背景要清楚，符合實(shí)際。

4、查清研究現(xiàn)狀——單位的研究現(xiàn)狀及問題點(diǎn)評(píng);國內(nèi)的研究現(xiàn)狀;國外的研究現(xiàn)狀。用書檢和網(wǎng)檢的方法。

5、論證研究價(jià)值——理論價(jià)值;實(shí)踐價(jià)值;應(yīng)用價(jià)值;科學(xué)價(jià)值;改革價(jià)值。

6、闡述研究意義——有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義;有歷史意義;有實(shí)踐意義;有方法論意義。

7、界定核心概念。就是對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞的概念、意義、本質(zhì)、聯(lián)系進(jìn)行闡述。

8、完善研究設(shè)計(jì)。確定研究程序;提出研究假設(shè);確定研究目標(biāo);提出研究措施;落實(shí)研究內(nèi)容;提供研究方法;劃分研究階段;落實(shí)研究人員;預(yù)測研究成果效應(yīng);建立研究組織;規(guī)劃研究管理;分析規(guī)劃研究的保障。

四、開題論證的方法以綜合評(píng)價(jià)為主

一是課題單位的自我論證評(píng)價(jià);二是同行的論證評(píng)價(jià);三是科研管理部門的論證評(píng)價(jià)。由預(yù)審、初審、學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)審、綜合評(píng)審四個(gè)階段組成。預(yù)審與初審可在開題前后的時(shí)間里進(jìn)行。 重點(diǎn)側(cè)重在課題選擇和課題計(jì)劃的制訂上。學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)審與綜合評(píng)審要貫穿于課題研究的全過程，重點(diǎn)放在計(jì)劃實(shí)施與成果的預(yù)期鑒定上。

五 、開題報(bào)告的寫作

(一)開題報(bào)告的組成。三個(gè)主要部分：前言、正文和結(jié)語;三個(gè)次要部分：標(biāo)題、署名、引文注釋和參考文獻(xiàn)。

(二)開題報(bào)告的結(jié)構(gòu)與寫法。

1、課題名稱。題目必須與內(nèi)容一致。確切、中肯、具體、鮮明、簡練、醒目。開題報(bào)告一般不使用副標(biāo)題。

2、署名。在題目的下面，必須簽署課題研究單位，一般不寫撰寫者姓名。署名的目的是表示對(duì)開題報(bào)告負(fù)責(zé)。

3、開題報(bào)告可以不寫內(nèi)容摘要和關(guān)鍵詞。

4、前言。前言是開題報(bào)告的序言。前言部分一般都應(yīng)說清楚課題選題、立項(xiàng)、批準(zhǔn)的過程，以及開題前的準(zhǔn)備、開題緣由、開題意義，開題前所進(jìn)行的調(diào)查情況所做的工作等。要力求簡明扼要，直截了當(dāng)，并實(shí)事求是，要開門見山、直入主題。不要面面俱到，不著邊際，文不對(duì)題;或一步登天，言盡意止，不留余地。

5、正文。開題報(bào)告的正文部分占報(bào)告的主要篇幅，它是報(bào)告的主體。正文部分必須對(duì)再次論證的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行全面的闡述和論證，包括研究前的觀察、測試、調(diào)查、分析、學(xué)習(xí)，材料形成的觀點(diǎn)和理論。如調(diào)查的問題、現(xiàn)狀和實(shí)質(zhì)，產(chǎn)生問題的原因及其發(fā)展趨勢。正文部分是開題報(bào)告的關(guān)鍵部分， 它體現(xiàn)了課題組的水平， 同時(shí)也可以看出今后課題研究的狀態(tài)和水平。撰寫開題報(bào)告的正文部分，同樣要掌握充分占有材料， 要認(rèn)真對(duì)材料進(jìn)行分析、 綜合、 整理，經(jīng)過概念、判斷、推理的邏輯組織，最后得出正確的觀點(diǎn)?？刹捎脠D表來集中反映數(shù)據(jù)，要注意少而精，數(shù)據(jù)必須準(zhǔn)確無誤。正文部分要層次清楚，觀點(diǎn)鮮明，邏輯性強(qiáng)，大標(biāo)題涵蓋小標(biāo)題，小標(biāo)題服務(wù)于到標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題統(tǒng)帥內(nèi)容，內(nèi)容說明標(biāo)題。

(1)課題、問題的提出? A、提出和研究的背景：現(xiàn)實(shí)背景、歷史背景。 B、提出和研究的依據(jù)：政策依據(jù);理論依據(jù);實(shí)踐依據(jù)。 C、問題的研究現(xiàn)狀：國內(nèi)的、國外的，省市縣內(nèi)外的研究的，單位研究現(xiàn)狀及問題點(diǎn)評(píng)，已取得了哪些成果?已進(jìn)行了那些研究? D、問題研究的價(jià)值：理論價(jià)值;實(shí)踐價(jià)值;應(yīng)用價(jià)值;科學(xué)價(jià)值;改革價(jià)值。對(duì)解決教育實(shí)際問題(包括對(duì)本校、本地區(qū)的教育工作實(shí)際存在的問題)或回答教育理論問題有什么意義?對(duì)教育的改革和發(fā)展會(huì)有什么貢獻(xiàn)? E、問題研究的意義：現(xiàn)實(shí)意義;歷史意義;實(shí)踐意義;方法論意義。以上幾點(diǎn)要求做到：少而精;針對(duì)問題;能指導(dǎo)操作;表述簡明、準(zhǔn)確，有具體貫徹要點(diǎn)，涵蓋子課題，能理解把握。

(2)課題的界定：對(duì)課題題目的界定;對(duì)條件詞、關(guān)鍵詞的界定，包括內(nèi)涵與外延。

(3)改革的主張、研究設(shè)計(jì)。 A、研究的指導(dǎo)思想。指導(dǎo)思想就是在宏觀上應(yīng)堅(jiān)持什么方向，符合什么要求，可以是哲學(xué)的、政治理論的，也可以是政府的教育發(fā)展規(guī)劃，也可以是有關(guān)研究問題的指導(dǎo)性意見等。 B、研究的具體目標(biāo)?？偰繕?biāo)、分目標(biāo)，目標(biāo)要實(shí)在，要可行。和內(nèi)容。課題研究的目標(biāo)也就是課題最后要達(dá)到的具體目的,要解決哪些具體問題，也就是本課題研究要達(dá)到的預(yù)定目標(biāo)：即本課題研究的目標(biāo)定位，確定目標(biāo)時(shí)要緊扣課題,用詞要準(zhǔn)確、精練、明了。相對(duì)于 目的和指導(dǎo)思想而言,研究目標(biāo)是比較具體的，不能籠統(tǒng)地講，必須清楚地寫出來。只有目標(biāo)明確而具體，才能知道工作的具體方向是什么，才知道研究的重點(diǎn)是什么，思路就不會(huì)被各種因素所干擾。 C、研究的具體內(nèi)容。內(nèi)容要緊扣課題的目標(biāo)來分解。 D、研究的方法、原則與策略：方法、原則與策略的理論支撐;方法、原則與策略的可操作性;方法、原則與策略的活動(dòng)性。課題研究的方法：有觀察法、調(diào)查法、實(shí)驗(yàn)法、經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)法、個(gè)案法、比較研究法、文獻(xiàn)資料法等。確定研究方法時(shí)要敘述清楚“做些什么” 和“怎樣做” 。 E、課題研究的步驟。課題研究的步驟，也就是課題研究在時(shí)間和順序上的安排。研究的步驟要充分考慮研究內(nèi)容的相互關(guān)系和難易程度，一般情況下，都是從基礎(chǔ)問題開始，分階段進(jìn)行，每個(gè)階段從什么時(shí)間開始，至什么時(shí)間結(jié)束都要有規(guī)定。課題研究的主要步驟和時(shí)間安排包括：整個(gè)研究擬分為哪幾個(gè)階段;各階段的起止時(shí)間;各階段要完成的研究目標(biāo)、任務(wù);各階段的主要研究步驟;本學(xué)期研究工作的日程安排等。 F、預(yù)測課題研究的成果及形式：本課題研究擬取得什么形式的階段研究成果和終結(jié)研究成果。如調(diào)查報(bào)告、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、研究報(bào)告、論文、經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)、調(diào)查量表、測試量表、微機(jī)軟件、教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、錄像帶等。其中調(diào)查報(bào)告、研究報(bào)告、論文是課題研究成果最主要的表現(xiàn)形式。 G、有效的組織保障：課題研究的組織機(jī)構(gòu)和人員分工在方案中，要寫出課題組長、副組長、課題組成員以及分工。課題組組長就是本課題的負(fù)責(zé)人。一個(gè)課題組應(yīng)該包括三方面的人，一是有權(quán)之士，二是有識(shí)之士，三是有志之士。有權(quán)了課題就可以得到更多的支持，有識(shí)了課題質(zhì)量、水平就會(huì)更高，有志了可以不怕辛苦，踏踏實(shí)實(shí)踏實(shí)實(shí)去干。課題組的分工必須是要分得明確合理，爭取讓每個(gè)人了解自己工作和責(zé)任，不能吃大鍋飯。但是在分工的基礎(chǔ)上，也要注意全體人員的合作，大家共同研究，共同商討，克服研究過程中的各種困難和問題。 H、其他保障：如課題組活動(dòng)時(shí)間;學(xué)習(xí)什么有關(guān)理論和知識(shí)，如何學(xué)習(xí)，要進(jìn)行或參加哪些培訓(xùn);如何保證研究工作的正常進(jìn)行;課題經(jīng)費(fèi)的來源和籌集;如何爭取有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的支持和專家的指導(dǎo);如何與校外同行交流等。

6、簡短的結(jié)語。開題報(bào)告的結(jié)語要簡潔，可以對(duì)課題管理部門提希望，給研究人員提要求，可以表示課題組的態(tài)度和決心。

7、可以寫上引文注釋和參考文獻(xiàn)。撰寫開題報(bào)告時(shí)引用了他人的材料、數(shù)據(jù)、論點(diǎn)、文章要按要求注明出處。反映出課題組嚴(yán)肅的科學(xué)態(tài)度，體現(xiàn)出開題報(bào)告的科學(xué)依據(jù)，同時(shí)也是尊重他人勞動(dòng)的體現(xiàn)。可以是頁末注(腳注，在本頁文章的下端)、文末注(段落后或篇后 注) 、文內(nèi)注(行內(nèi)夾注)和書后注四種。 開題報(bào)告也可以有“致謝” 。對(duì)于曾經(jīng)指導(dǎo)、參加過選題、論證，或?qū)Υ斯ぷ魈峁┙ㄗh或便利條件，而又沒有在課題組的同志，可用簡短的文字表示感謝。開題會(huì)上，有關(guān)專家必須詳細(xì)審查開題報(bào)告，向研究者提問質(zhì)疑。但開題會(huì)不同于成果鑒定 會(huì)，更主要的應(yīng)該是完善方案。在確定研究有明顯價(jià)值的前提下， 論證雙方應(yīng)全力討論方案，提出意見和建議、修改補(bǔ)充方案。專家審查的內(nèi)容包括：

1、選題是否當(dāng)，是否符合立項(xiàng)條件;

2、課題論證是否充分;

3、負(fù)責(zé)人的素質(zhì)或水平是否能承擔(dān)此課題;

4、課題組力量如 何或分工是否得當(dāng);

5、資料準(zhǔn)備如何;

6、最終成果預(yù)測如何;

7、是否具備完成本課題所 需的其他條件;

8、經(jīng)過比較，本課題是否有更合適的承擔(dān)人;

9、其他原因(加以說明) 。

開題報(bào)告范文

剛開始的計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫電影，主要采用程序設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)語言來編程制作，并且由于計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，這里是一篇計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫在電影特技中的運(yùn)用，接下來讓我們一起看看吧!

【摘要】計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫是運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)圖形和圖像處理技術(shù)，借助于編程和相關(guān)軟件得到的景物畫面，它在電影的特效制作上面，發(fā)揮著重要作用。本文首先介紹了計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)的相關(guān)軟件和它們的高級(jí)語言二次開發(fā)，然后介紹了虛擬場景創(chuàng)建、動(dòng)力仿真和后期合成三個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫在電影特效中的主要應(yīng)用，最后分析了計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)對(duì)電影市場的影響。希望本文的研究，能夠?qū)ξ覈娪爸谱魇聵I(yè)的發(fā)展，做出力所能及的貢獻(xiàn)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù);軟件;應(yīng)用;影響

1.計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)

剛開始的計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫電影，主要采用程序設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)語言來編程制作，并且由于計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，系統(tǒng)操作平臺(tái)的友好度相比以前已經(jīng)有了極大的提高。整個(gè)特效電影的制作過程中，幾乎不再需要計(jì)算機(jī)專家的參與，只要相關(guān)工作人員能夠熟練掌握計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫軟件即可?？梢哉f，計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，在特效電影制作過程中的人力、物力和財(cái)力的節(jié)約上發(fā)揮了重要作用?，F(xiàn)在，計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為特效電影制作的主要途徑，大多數(shù)操作都可以通過計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫軟件直接實(shí)現(xiàn)，部分更高要求的操作，也可以通過高級(jí)語言二次開發(fā)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

1.1 相關(guān)軟件

根據(jù)電影特效制作方式的不同，其特效主要包含三維特效和后期特效兩大類。一部好的特效電影，往往是通過這兩種特效方式的良好結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)的。現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用最為廣泛的三維特效軟件主要是Autodesk公司的3ds Max。這款軟件能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)三維建模、動(dòng)畫制作和渲染等功能，并且由于采用了內(nèi)部按鈕設(shè)計(jì)，所有的操作都能通過界面上的按鈕來進(jìn)行。3ds Max在三維特效的制作中，表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是相當(dāng)明顯的，由它做出的特效，物體質(zhì)感強(qiáng)烈，并且在光線、陰影、鏡像和色彩等方面，都無可挑剔，因此，它被廣泛應(yīng)用與視覺設(shè)計(jì)、動(dòng)畫、影視等行業(yè)。

另一款軟件是Side Effects Software，它同樣是一款非常強(qiáng)大的特效軟件，像《指環(huán)王》、《后天》這些好萊塢一線大片的特效制作，均有這款特效軟件的參與。

此外，在合成特效方面，Adobe公司的After Effects也是被業(yè)內(nèi)應(yīng)用得極為廣泛的后期合成軟件。它主要應(yīng)用于高端視頻編輯系統(tǒng)的專業(yè)非線性編輯。After Effects的使用，使得視頻編輯合成達(dá)到了一個(gè)更高的水準(zhǔn)。并且由于該軟件兼容的特效插件較多，因此特效制作的能力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)了不少。比如，使用After Effects進(jìn)行后期合成，能夠很方便地制作出縹緲、爆炸等特效。

1.2 通過高級(jí)語言二次開發(fā)

電影特效制作作為交叉學(xué)科之一，它的不僅涉及到電影藝術(shù)，也涉及到了計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)，比如不少電影特效就能夠采用相關(guān)軟件進(jìn)行的高級(jí)語言二次開發(fā)來完成。Maya作為一款電影高端制作軟件，具有功能完善，制作效率高，特效真實(shí)感強(qiáng)烈等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而它之所以能夠在世界范圍被廣泛應(yīng)用，很大部分理由就是因?yàn)樗梢酝ㄟ^開發(fā)相關(guān)插件和編寫MEL腳本來進(jìn)行廣泛定制。它的這種可以二次開發(fā)的特性，在三維特效的制作過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。此外，基于虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)軟件VRML，GeoVRML或開放圖形程序庫OpenGL， Direct3D等高質(zhì)量的3D圖形開發(fā)平臺(tái)，在高級(jí)語言C++、VB、C#中編程實(shí)現(xiàn)三維建模、幾何變換、色彩、紋理、三維地形以及在場景中漫游。而在Maya基礎(chǔ)之上開發(fā)的插件，主要用在細(xì)節(jié)步驟的處理上面，通常這些小小的插件，就能在整個(gè)電影特效的制作過程中發(fā)揮事半功倍的效果。

2.計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫在電影特技中的應(yīng)用

2.1 虛擬場景的創(chuàng)建

在整部電影的制作中，難免會(huì)有一些鏡頭的拍攝和場景的拍攝成本較大，或者危險(xiǎn)性較高，甚至現(xiàn)實(shí)中難以完成拍攝。比如一些災(zāi)難性的電影，那些宏大的災(zāi)難場景幾乎都需要通過計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)來完成。而通過計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)完成電影特效的整個(gè)過程中，虛擬場景的模型創(chuàng)建往往是第一步。在模型的創(chuàng)建過程里，往往是把現(xiàn)實(shí)世界作為基礎(chǔ)，然后根據(jù)要拍攝的電影的劇情特點(diǎn)、角色設(shè)置等，通過相關(guān)軟件和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用來完成模型數(shù)據(jù)的創(chuàng)建。

2.2 動(dòng)力仿真

粒子是動(dòng)力學(xué)的組成部分之一，而動(dòng)力學(xué)作為物理學(xué)的分支，主要用于表達(dá)物理世界中物體的運(yùn)用方式。動(dòng)力仿真是電影特效制作的重要部分，其操作則組要是通過相關(guān)軟件的粒子系統(tǒng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。比如Maya就擁有相當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的粒子系統(tǒng)，并且有著非常全面的參數(shù)設(shè)置，使得操作者能夠根據(jù)需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建模型的不同，來定義不同形態(tài)的粒子，同時(shí)也提高了粒子系統(tǒng)的靈活性和藝術(shù)性。粒子系統(tǒng)一般用于動(dòng)態(tài)效果的表現(xiàn)之上，主要跟時(shí)間、速度這兩大因素有關(guān)，被用于創(chuàng)建一些電影中需要的抽象效果?？梢哉f，電影特效制作中動(dòng)力學(xué)系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，使得一些傳統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵幀技術(shù)難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的真實(shí)效果能夠得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。比如一個(gè)物體掉落在地面上，碎塊之間相互碰撞這一效果的實(shí)現(xiàn)，就可以將物體轉(zhuǎn)化為剛體模型，這樣就能使這一剛體模型參與后續(xù)一系列的動(dòng)力學(xué)解算，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)仿真的運(yùn)動(dòng)。比如《2012》中建筑物崩塌場景的實(shí)現(xiàn)，就只需要將建筑物作為一個(gè)剛體，然后通過相關(guān)的動(dòng)力學(xué)計(jì)算，得到組成建筑物的每一個(gè)部分破壞的時(shí)間順序和各自崩落后的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡、落到地面的揚(yáng)塵效果等。

2.3 后期合成特效

后期合成主要是指將一些已經(jīng)完成的電影素材，通過再加工處理，組合到一起，實(shí)現(xiàn)一些演員無法真實(shí)拍攝的效果。后期合成之前，演員先站在藍(lán)色或者綠色背景前進(jìn)行拍攝，拍攝完成后，技術(shù)人員再通過軟件將背景摳除，并使用計(jì)算機(jī)圖形處理技術(shù)將得到的拍攝素材合成到一起，達(dá)到一種真實(shí)的效果。比如，電影《阿甘正傳》中，阿甘與總統(tǒng)握手的場景就是運(yùn)用后期合成來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。當(dāng)然，除了畫面，聲音的合成也是電影后期合成中的重要一環(huán)，它的運(yùn)用往往可以達(dá)到讓觀眾無法判斷影片中的配樂是真實(shí)演奏還是電子合成的效果。

3.計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)對(duì)電影市場的影響

計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，大大提高了整個(gè)電影制作行業(yè)的創(chuàng)意水平，它讓電影的場景更加逼真。尤其是近年來三維特效技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，更是讓編劇和導(dǎo)演的想象力大幅提高，特效電影的制作量有了明顯提升，有統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，采用計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫特效的實(shí)景影片2011年占所有主要影院實(shí)景影片總體錄像營業(yè)收入的45.4%，大大高于2001年時(shí)的26.8%。在好萊塢，使用了電影特效的電影所占份額更是高達(dá)80%以上，可以說，最賣座的電影中，均有計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)制作的特效參與，它們的賣座，也讓參與制作的特效公司獲得了高額利潤，比如制作過《變形金剛》《哈里波特》等大片的好萊塢特效公司年?duì)I業(yè)額都超過1億美元。并且，計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，也為廣大的影視從業(yè)者帶來了一種全心的創(chuàng)作途徑，為電影的制作增加了一種獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)形式。可以說，計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)和電影特效制作是相輔相成的，而計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫技術(shù)與電影特效制作的有機(jī)結(jié)合也是未來的必定趨勢。

The opening report, subject meaning and function Opening report, that is, when the subject direction was determined, research project on the basis of investigation and study to write the report to the approval of the selected topic plan. It mainly shows that the subject should be studied, they have a condition to study and how to open exhibition, also can saying is the subject of design. Opening report is an important link in improve the quality and level subject. Second, the structure and writing the opening report Opening report mainly includes the following aspects: (a) project name (2) the research purpose and meaning (3) the domestic and foreign research present situation, level and development trend. Is this topic any study, at what level, what deficiencies and to what direction, etc. Opening report writing these content on the one hand can prove this topic research status and value, on the other hand, this research also suggests that research personnel have good grasp. Any scientific research, we must be a clear understanding of the current research status of the problem, this in the first part is about. (4) research theory basis. We are now the subject are basically applied research and development, which requires our research must have some of the basic theoretical basis to ensure the scientific nature of the study. For example: we want activity experiments, we must study in curriculum theory, psychology theory, education psychology theory as the study of theoretical basis. Our innovative teaching mode of experiment, it has to be on the theory of teaching theory, and the theory of education experimental basis. The main research contents, methods (5) subject (6) research work steps (7) the composition of project participants and expertise. Basically see the overall quality and level of participants, especially the level of the research project. If the participant and principal no theory and practical experience, this task cannot be completed well, also cannot be approved. (8) the existing basis. Main www.xiexiebang.com www.xiexiebang.com www.xiexiebang.com is personnel and material basis. Many subjects of personnel and equipment demand is higher, if none of the conditions of basic research, the subject can't. (9) budget estimate. In what way is subject to use money, with how many money, how to management, etc. How to write the education scientific research subject of the opening report One, the opening report Opening report is subject direction was determined, research project or task group host grinds written on the basis of investigation and study report to the approval of selected topic, the research plan. It mainly shows that the subject should be studied, their conditional study, prepared to such problems as how to conduct research, is the subject of argumentation and redesign again. Second, the role of the opening report. Further research thought clear, improve the implementation plan, clear the technical line, once again demonstrated significant step research topic. Third, the main content of the opening report argument 1, the authorized subject name. One is whether name suggests is accurate, specifications. Accurate name is subject to research what is the problem, research object is clear. Specification is used in the words and sentence patterns to standard, scientific, specious word cannot be used, sloganeering, conclusion of the sentence pattern do not use. 2 depends on whether the name is concise, not too long, can the words don't just try not to, such as: "the application of information technology to build a high school geography teaching practice of middle school students' autonomous learning research"www.xiexiebang.com www.xmtfs.net, "high school English listening to read under the network environment teaching to improve students' cultural quality and the impact of learning strategies to form", "with the aid of information technology, change study way", "effective application of information technology, accelerate the development of the teachers and students happy". 2, looking for the research basis. Policy basis, theoretical basis and practice basis, fully, relevant, accurate, label, la banner, don't shout slogans. 3, analyze the research background, realistic background, historical background to clear, practical. 4, the research present situation and problems of research status, the unit was found review; The domestic research status; The research status of abroad. 'book inspection and inspection method. 5, demonstration, research value, theory of value; Practical value; Application value; Scientific value; Reform of the value. 6, in this paper, the research significance, practical significance; Historic; There are practical significance; A methodology. 7, defining the core concepts. Is the keyword, correlative concept, meaning, essence, contact. 8, perfecting the research design. Determine the research program; Put forward the research hypothesis; Determine the research goals. The measures are put forward; To carry out the research contents; Provides research methods; Divide the research phase; To carry out the researchers; Prediction research achievement effect; Establishing study organization; Planning research management; Analysis of the guarantee of planning study. Four, opening method is given priority to with comprehensive evaluation It is a subject unit self argument evaluation; 2 it is peer evaluation of argument; 3 it is argument evaluation of scientific research management department. By investigating, preliminary examination and academic evaluation, comprehensive evaluation of four stages. Pretrial and trial can be carried out before and after the opening time. Mainly focus on the topic selection and the process of making the project. The academic review and comprehensive review to throughout the course of research, focus on expectations of appraisal on plan implementation and results. Five, the opening report writing (a) of the opening report. Three main parts: preface, text and epilogue; Three secondary parts: title, name, annotation and reference citation. (2) the structure of the opening report writing. 1, the subject name. The subject must be consistent with the content. Exactly, to the point, specific, distinct, concise, eye-catching. Opening report generally does not use subheadings. 2, signed. Under the title, must be signed research unit, generally don't write author name. The purpose of signature is responsible for the opening report said. 3, opening report can not write abstract and key words. 4, preface. The preface is the prologue of opening report. Introduction should be generally clear topic topic selection, formulation, approval process, as well as the preparation before opening, the causes and the opening, the opening, opening the investigation in the work, etc. Should strive to simple, straightforward, and seeking truth from facts, to open, straight into the theme. Don't trying, irrelevant, irrelevant; Or to my check, but it will leave no room for manoeuvre. 5, the body. The body part of the opening report main pages of the report, it is the body of the report. Body part again the content of the argument must be thoroughly discussed and demonstrated, including research before the observation, test, investigation, analysis, study, material form the point of view and theory. Such as the problem of investigation, the present situation and essence, causes of problems and its development trend. The text part is a key part of the opening report, it embodies the level of the project group, at the same time also can see the future state of the research and level. Write the body part of the opening report, also want to have full possession of material, carefully on the material, sorting, analysis, synthesis through concept, judgment, reasoning logical organization, finally it is concluded that the correct point of view. Can use charts to concentrated reflection data, attention should be paid to fewer but better, data must be accurate. Body to hierarchy clear, bright, strong logicality, headline covers headings, subheadings serve to the title, title commander in chief content, content description title. (1) of the subject,? A, put forward and the research background, realistic background, historical background. B, put forward and the research on the basis of: the policy basis; The theory basis; On the basis of practice. C, the research status quo of the problem: the domestic and abroad, the research of inside and outside the provinces, cities and counties, unit study reviews the present situation and the existing problems, which has made achievements? Has conducted the research? Value: D, study on the theory of value; Practical value; Application value; Scientific value; Reform of the value. To solve the problem of education practice (including for the school, education work in the region of the actual problems) or answer education theory question what is the point? Contribution to education reform and development will be a what? E, significance of the research: the practical significance; Historical significance; Practical significance; Methodology. The above required: fewer but better; Aimed at the problem; Can guide operation; Statement concise, accurate, specific implementation points, cover the corpus, can understand. (2) the definition of project: the project definition of subject; Definition of the conditional word, keywords, including the connotation and denotation. (3) the idea of reform, the research design. A, the guiding ideology. Guiding ideology is what should adhere to the direction in the macro, conforms to the requirements, can be philosophical, political theory, also can be the government's education development planning, guidance may also be related to the research problem, etc. B, the research of specific objectives. General objective, target, the target to reality, to be feasible. And content. Research goal and final to achieve the specific purpose, subject is what specific problem to solve, also is this topic research to achieve the intended target: namely this topic research goal orientation, to stick to subject, target words to be accurate, concise, clear. Relative to the purpose and the guiding ideology, the research goal is more specific, cannot speak in general, must be clearly written. Only specific goals and specific, can know what is the specific direction of work, just know what is the focus of the study, thinking will not interference by various factors. The specific content of C, research. Content should be closely related to the goal of subject to decomposition. D, research method, principle and strategy: methods, principles and strategies of theoretical support; Methods, principles and strategies of maneuverability; Methods, principles and strategy of active. Research methods: a method of observation, investigation method, experimental method, experience method, case method, comparative method, literature material method, etc. Determine the narrative research method is to make sure that the "what" and "how to do". E, the steps of the thesis. The steps of the thesis, that is, the arrangement of the research on the time and sequence. Steps in the research of the relationship, we must give full consideration to the research content and ease, in general, starts from the basic problem, in stages, each stage from what time to start, until the end of what time has a regulation. The main steps of the thesis and schedule including: which studied in the paper is divided into several stages. The time of beginning and ending each stage; To be completed for each stage of research objectives, tasks; Each phase of the main research steps; This semester's work schedule, etc. F, forecasting research achievements and form: this research intends to achieve what kind of stage research results and put an end to the research results. Such as survey, experiment reports, research reports, papers, experience summary, the survey scale, test scale, computer software, teaching design, video, etc. The survey report, research report, the paper is the research results of the main form of expression. G, effective organization safeguard, the organization of the thesis and personnel division of labor in the scheme, to write a project leader, deputy team leader, team members and division of labor. In charge of the team leader is to this topic. A team should include three aspects, one is entitled to, two is a man of insight, three is a person with lofty ideals. Shall have the right to the subject can get more support, knowledge and the level of subject quality, will be higher, to the can not afraid of hard work, steadfast steady real to do. Group of division of labor to segment must be clear and reasonable, to let everyone know their own work and responsibility, cannot eat pot. But on the basis of division of labor, also should pay attention to staff's cooperation, common study, discuss, overcome various difficulties and problems in the process of research. H, other security: such as group activities; Learn about the theory and knowledge, how to learn, want to undertake or participate in what training; How to ensure the normal conduct of research. The source of the project funds and raise; How to win support from the relevant leaders and experts to guide; How to communicate with external counterparts, etc. 6, a brief conclusion. The conclusion of the opening report should be concise, can hope to project management department, gave the researchers request, can represent the attitude of the team and determination. 7, can write the citation annotations and references. Quoted from others in writing the opening report of the material, data, argument, articles should indicate the source as required. Reflects a serious scientific attitude, reflects the opening report of scientific basis, but also respect the labor of others. Can be a note at the end of the page (footnote, on the lower end of the article on this page), at the end of the article (for backward or after Note), note (inline interlinear notes) and book four. Opening report can also be "thank you". For once instructed, participated in the selected topic, argument, or provide Suggestions or convenient conditions to the job, and no comrade in the team, available thanks brief words. Opening the meeting, experts have to scrutiny opening report, ask the question. But the opening will be different Yu Chengguo appraisal, mainly should be a perfect solution. Has significant value in determining the research under the premise of argument on both sides to discuss plan, put forward opinions and Suggestions, modify, supplement. Expert review content includes: 1, the topic whether when, whether meet the requirements for the project; 2, subject argument whether fully; 3, the head of the quality or level could undertake this task; 4, team strength such as how or whether the division of labor is proper; 5, how data preparation; 6, final results predict how; 7, if you have completed this topic to the other conditions; 8, through comparison, this topic whether people who are more suitable to undertake; 9, for other reasons (explained). Opening report model essay First computer animated films, mainly USES the programming language is related to programming, and due to the continuous development of computer technology and information technology, there is a computer application of animation in the movie stunt, let us see together! 【 abstract 】 the computer animation is using computer graphics and image processing technology, with the help of the programming and related software to get scene images, it above the effects of the movie, play an important role. This paper first introduces the related software and computer animation technology to their senior secondary development language, and then introduces the virtual scene creating, dynamic simulation and synthesis of late three computer animation is mainly used in special effects, and finally analyzes the computer animation technology's influence on the film market. Hope that this article research, to the development of film production in our country, make its contribution. 【 key words 】 the computer animation technology; Software; Application; impact 1. Computer animation technology First computer animated films, mainly USES the programming language is related to programming, and due to the continuous development of computer technology and information technology, system operation platform, friendly degrees than ever before has been greatly improved. The special effects film production process, is almost no longer require the participation of computer experts, as long as the relevant personnel mastering computer animation software. Can say, the application of the computer animation technology, in the special effects of human, material and financial resources in the process of filmmaking has played an important role in saving. Now, computer animation technology has become a main way of special effects movie production, most of the operations can be implemented directly by computer animation software, some higher requirements of operation, can also be done by high-level language secondary development. 1.1 related software According to the different methods of film special effects production, its effects mainly include two categories: 3 d effects and postproduction. A good special effects film, is often accomplished by good combination of these two kinds of special way. Now, the most widely used 3 d special effects software mainly Autodesk 3 ds Max. This software can realize 3 d modeling, animation and rendering, and other functions, and the adoption of internal button design, all operations can be through the interface button. 3 ds Max in the 3 d special effects production, show that the advantages are quite obvious, made by its special effects, object simple sense is strong, and in the light and shadow, image and color and so on, are faultless, therefore, it is widely used and visual design, animation, film and television industries. Another Software is Side Effects Software, it is also a very powerful Effects Software, such as "Lord of the rings", "the day after tomorrow" a Hollywood production line of large Effects, are involved in this special Software. In addition, the synthesis, special Effects of Adobe After Effects are also very widely used in the software industry. It is mainly used in high-end professional non-linear editing video editing system. The use of After Effects, make video editing synthetic reached a higher level. And because of this software is compatible with the special effects plug-ins is more, so the special ability to make a lot of enhancement. For late synthesis using After Effects, for example, can easily make the ethereal, explosion and other special Effects. 1.2 through the secondary development in a high-level language Special effects production, as one of the cross subject, it not only involves the film art, also involves computer technology, such as a lot of special effects will be able to use relevant software for secondary development to complete in a high-level language. Maya as a high-end film production software, has the perfect functions, high production efficiency, special advantages of strong sense of reality, and it can widely used around the world, a large part of the reason is because it can by developing relevant plug-ins and write MEL scripts to conduct extensive customization. It can the characteristics of the secondary development, the 3 d effects play an important role in the process of making. In addition, based on VRML, virtual reality software both GeoVRML or open graphics library OpenGL and Direct3D high quality 3 d graphics development platform, programming in a high-level language c + +, VB, c # realize 3 d modeling, geometry transformation, color, texture, three-dimensional terrain and roaming in the scene. And developed based on Maya plug-in, mainly used in the processing steps in detail above, these small plug-ins, usually can in the production process of the whole movie special effects play a twice the result with half the effort. 2. The applications of computer animation in the movie stunt 2.1 the creation of a virtual scene In the whole movie production, hard to avoid can have some of the lens and scenes shooting cost is larger, or high risk, and even hard to finish filming in reality. Some disastrous film, for example, almost all of the big disaster scenarios need to be finished by computer technology. And through the computer technology to complete the whole process of special effects, virtual scene model creation, often is the first step. In the creation process of the model, often is the real world as a foundation, and then according to the film plot characteristics, role Settings, and so on, through the application of the related software and computer technology to complete the creation of a model data. 2.2 dynamic simulation Kinetics of particles is one of the most dynamic part of, and as the branch of physics that is mainly used to express the use of objects in the physical world. Dynamic simulation is an important part of film special effects production, its operating group if done by software of particle system. Such as Maya has quite a powerful particle system, and has a very comprehensive parameter Settings, allowing the operator to depending on the need to create a model, to define the different forms of particles, but also improve the flexibility and artistry of particle system. Particle systems are used for the effects of dynamic performance, mainly related to time, speed, these two factors, is used to create some need the abstraction in the movie. , so to speak, film special effects production, the application of dynamic system makes it hard for some traditional key frame technology to realize the real effect can be realized. Such as an object fell on the ground, debris collision between the realization of this effect, it can be an object into a rigid body model, so you can make a model to participate in the follow-up of a series of rigid body dynamics, so as to realize the simulation of the movement. Such as "2012," the implementation of the building collapsed in the scene, just the buildings as a rigid body, and then the results of kinetics calculation of relevant for building every part of the damage of time sequence and trajectory after their collapsed and fell to the dust of the ground effect, etc. 2.3 late synthesis effects Synthesis is mainly refers to some late completed film material, through processing, together, some actors can not real effect. Before late synthesis, actor standing in front of a blue or green background, after completion of shooting, and technical personnel through the software will dig in addition to the background, and use of computer image processing technology will get material to synthesize together, to achieve a real effect. For example, in the movie forrest gump, forrest gump to shake hands with the President of the scene is late synthesis are used to realize. Of course, in addition to the picture, the synthesis of sound is also an important component of the late film synthesis it used often to let the audience could not judge in the movie soundtrack play or electronic synthetic effect is real. 3. The computer animation technology's influence on the film market The application of the computer animation technology, greatly improving the creative level of the entire film industry, it makes the film more realistic scenarios. Especially in recent years the rapid development of 3 d special effects technology, is to let a writer and director's imagination sharply higher, the special effects film production quantity have improved significantly, there are statistics show that by using the computer animation effects of live-action film in 2011 accounted for all the major theaters live-action film overall video business income of 45.4%, compared with 26.8% in 2001. In Hollywood, the use of the special effects of film accounted for more than 80% more, it can be said that the highest-grossing movie, are made of special effects involved in computer animation technology, their distribution, also let participate in making special effects company won the high profits, such as making a "transformers" harry potter "movies in Hollywood special effects company annual turnover of more than $100 million. And, the emergence of computer animation technology, also for the majority of the film and television practitioners brought a creative way, with all my heart, for film production increased a unique art form. Computer animation techniques and special effects, so to speak, is complementary to each other, and the combination of computer technology and special effects animation is also a trend of the future must be.

第三篇：開題報(bào)告怎么寫

在做了各方面的準(zhǔn)備之后，綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)就面臨著開題的問題了。怎么樣開題呢？其實(shí)開題最主要的工作就是寫開題報(bào)告，寫好了開題報(bào)告，開題的任務(wù)就基本完成了。什么是開題報(bào)告？

開題報(bào)告就是當(dāng)課題方向確定之后，課題負(fù)責(zé)人在調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上撰寫的報(bào)請(qǐng)上級(jí)批準(zhǔn)的選題計(jì)劃。

怎么寫開題報(bào)告呢？

首先我們要把在準(zhǔn)備工作當(dāng)中搜集的資料整理出來，包括課題名稱、課題內(nèi)容、課題的理論依據(jù)、參加人員、組織安排和分工、大概需要的時(shí)間、經(jīng)費(fèi)的估算等等。然后我們就可以開始寫開題報(bào)告了。

第一是標(biāo)題的擬定：我們的課題在準(zhǔn)備工作中已經(jīng)確立了，所以開題報(bào)告的標(biāo)題是不成問題的，把你研究的課題直接寫上就行了。比如我曾指導(dǎo)過一組同學(xué)對(duì)倫教的文化諸如“倫教糕”、倫教木工機(jī)械、倫教文物等進(jìn)行研究，擬定的標(biāo)題就是“倫教文化研究”。

當(dāng)然擬題得掌握一些基本的技巧，一是標(biāo)題不能太長，要簡潔明了；二是要準(zhǔn)確樸素，不能為了好看而搞得花里胡哨的，反而讓人不知所云；三是用語要規(guī)范，有些人為了嘩眾取寵，有意在標(biāo)題里用一些似是而非的詞匯，或者干脆現(xiàn)搬一些口號(hào)式的新名詞，結(jié)果弄得文不對(duì)題。

第二就是內(nèi)容的撰寫。開題報(bào)告的主要內(nèi)容包括以下幾個(gè)部分：

一、課題研究的背景。

所謂課題背景，主要指的是為什么要對(duì)這個(gè)課題進(jìn)行研究，所以有的課題干脆把這一部分稱為“問題的提出”，意思就是說為什么要提出這個(gè)問題，或者說提出這個(gè)課題。比如我曾指導(dǎo)的一個(gè)課題“倫教文化研究”，背景說明部分里就是說在改革開放的浪潮中，倫教作為珠江三角洲一角，在經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展的同時(shí)，她的文化發(fā)展怎么樣，有哪些成就，對(duì)居民有什么影響，有哪些還要改進(jìn)的。當(dāng)然背景所敘述的內(nèi)容還有很多，既可以是社會(huì)背景，也可以是自然背景。關(guān)鍵在于我們所確定的課題是什么。

二、課題研究的內(nèi)容。

課題研究的內(nèi)容，顧名思義，就是我們的課題要研究的是什么。比如我校黃姝老師的指導(dǎo)的課題“佛山新八景”，課題研究的內(nèi)容就是：“以佛山新八景為重點(diǎn)，考察佛山歷史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，結(jié)合佛山經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的趨勢，擬定開發(fā)具有新佛山、新八景、新氣象的文化旅游的可行性報(bào)告及開發(fā)方案?！?

三、課題研究的目的和意義。

課題研究的目的，應(yīng)該敘述自己在這次研究中想要達(dá)到的境地或想要得到的結(jié)果。比如我校葉少珍老師指導(dǎo)的“重走長征路”研究課題，在其研究目標(biāo)一欄中就是這樣敘述的：

1、通過再現(xiàn)長征歷程，追憶紅軍戰(zhàn)士的豐功偉績，對(duì)長征概況、長征途中遇到了哪些艱難險(xiǎn)阻、什么是長征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。

2、通過小組同學(xué)間的分工合作、交流、展示、解說，培養(yǎng)合作參與精神和自我展示能力。

3、通過本次活動(dòng)，使同學(xué)的信息技術(shù)得到提高，進(jìn)一步提高信息素養(yǎng)。

四、課題研究的方法。

在“課題研究的方法”這一部分，應(yīng)該提出本課題組關(guān)于解決本課題問題的門路或者說程序等。一般來說，研究性學(xué)習(xí)的課題研究方法有：實(shí)地調(diào)查考察法(通過組織學(xué)生到所研究的處所實(shí)地調(diào)查，從而得出結(jié)論的方法)、問卷調(diào)查法（根據(jù)本課題的情況和自己要了解的內(nèi)容設(shè)置一些問題，以問卷的形式向相關(guān)人員調(diào)查的方法）、人物采訪法（直接向有關(guān)人員采訪，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文獻(xiàn)法（通過查閱各類資料、圖表等 ,分析、比較得出結(jié)論）等等。在課題研究中，應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己課題的實(shí)際情況提出相關(guān)的課題研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要實(shí)用就行。

五、課題研究的步驟。

課題研究的步驟，當(dāng)然就是說本課題準(zhǔn)備通過哪幾步程序來達(dá)到研究的目的。所以在這一部分里應(yīng)該著重思考的問題就是自己的課題大概準(zhǔn)備分幾步來完成。一般來說課題研究的基本步驟不外乎是以下幾個(gè)方面：準(zhǔn)備階段、查閱資料階段、實(shí)地考察階段、問卷調(diào)查階段、采訪階段、資料的分析整理階段、對(duì)本課題的總結(jié)與反思階段等。

六、課題參與人員及組織分工。

這屬于對(duì)本課題研究的管理范疇，但也不可忽視。因?yàn)楣芾聿坏轿唬瑢W(xué)生不能明確自己的職責(zé)，有時(shí)就會(huì)偷懶或者互相推諉，有時(shí)就會(huì)做重復(fù)勞動(dòng)。因此課題參與人員的組織分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的參與研究的學(xué)生分成幾個(gè)小組，每個(gè)小組通過民主選舉的方式推選出小組長，由小組長負(fù)責(zé)本小組的任務(wù)分派和落實(shí)。然后根據(jù)本課題的情況，把相關(guān)的研究任務(wù)分割成幾大部分，一個(gè)小組負(fù)責(zé)一個(gè)部分。最后由小組長組織人員匯總和整理。

七、課題的經(jīng)費(fèi)估算。

一個(gè)課題要開展，必然需要一些經(jīng)費(fèi)來啟動(dòng)，所以最后還應(yīng)該大概地估算一下本課題所需要的資金是多少，比如搜集資料需要多少錢，實(shí)地調(diào)查的外出經(jīng)費(fèi)，問卷調(diào)查的印刷和分發(fā)的費(fèi)用，課題組所要占用的場地費(fèi)，有些課題還需要購買一些相關(guān)的材料，結(jié)題報(bào)告等資料的印刷費(fèi)等等。所謂“大軍未動(dòng)，糧草先行”，沒有足夠的資金作后盾，課題研究勢必舉步維艱，捉襟見肘，甚至于半途而廢。因此，課題的經(jīng)費(fèi)也必須在開題之初就估算好，未雨綢繆，才能真正把本課題的研究做到最好。