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北京故宮導(dǎo)游詞「中英文」

(經(jīng)過(guò)太和門(mén)之后)

After walking past the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

女士們、先生們，前面的大殿叫太和殿，俗稱金鑾殿，是故宮內(nèi)最大宮殿。建筑面積2377平方米，重檐廡殿頂，是殿宇中最高等級(jí)，為外朝三大殿中最大的一座。太和殿建在三層重疊的“工”字型須彌座上，由漢白玉雕成，離地8余米，下層臺(tái)階21級(jí)，中，上層各9級(jí)。

Ladies and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the Forbidden City. This structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves . The Hall of Supreme Harmony sits on a triple DH‖-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases. The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9

太和殿始建于公元1406年，經(jīng)歷了三次火災(zāi)和一次兵燹的毀壞，現(xiàn)在大家看到的是清朝建的。四個(gè)屋檐上各有一排動(dòng)物，原來(lái)是釘子，用來(lái)固定瓦片用的，后來(lái)?yè)Q成了神話傳說(shuō)中的動(dòng)物，據(jù)說(shuō)可以辟邪，而且數(shù)量越多，表明建筑越重要。太和殿上有9個(gè)，9是陽(yáng)之極數(shù)，依次為7、5、3、1，平民百姓家是不允許有這種裝飾的。

The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406. It burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny. The existing architecture was built during the Qing Dynasty. On the corners of

the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles. These animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits. There are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. The number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled

明清兩朝曾有24個(gè)皇帝在此登基，宣布即位詔書(shū)。元旦、冬至、皇帝生日、冊(cè)立皇后、頒布法令、政令、派將出征、金殿傳臚以及賜安等等，皇帝都要在這里舉行儀式，接受文武百官朝賀。

There was a total of 24 successive emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties who were enthroned here. The ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice, The Chinese Lunar New Year, the Emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war .On such occasions, the Emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.

這個(gè)廣場(chǎng)是太和殿廣場(chǎng)，面積達(dá)3萬(wàn)平方米。整個(gè)廣場(chǎng)無(wú)一草一木，空曠寧?kù)o，給人以森嚴(yán)肅穆的感覺(jué)。正中為御路，左右地面鋪的磚橫七豎八，共15層，以防有人挖地道進(jìn)入皇宮。周圍有一些大缸，是做什么用的呢?在故宮里一共有308個(gè)大缸，是用來(lái)儲(chǔ)水防炎的，缸下可燒炭加溫，防止冬天缸水結(jié)冰。為什么要建這么大的廣場(chǎng)呢?那是是為了讓人們感覺(jué)到太和殿的雄偉壯觀。站在下面向前望去：藍(lán)天之下，黃瓦生輝。層層石臺(tái)，如同白云，加上香煙繚繞，整個(gè)太和殿好像天上仙境一樣。舉行大典時(shí)，殿內(nèi)的琺瑯仙鶴盤(pán)上點(diǎn)上蠟燭，香亭、香爐燒檀香，露臺(tái)上的銅爐、龜、鶴燃松柏枝，殿前兩側(cè)香煙繚繞，全場(chǎng)鴉雀無(wú)聲?；实鄣巧蠈氉鶗r(shí)，鼓樂(lè)齊鳴，文武大臣按呂級(jí)跪伏在廣場(chǎng)，仰望著云中樓閣山呼萬(wàn)歲，以顯示皇帝無(wú)上權(quán)威與尊嚴(yán)。

This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor. On both sides of the road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all. The purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace. In the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires. In the whole complex there are altogher 308 water vats. In wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing .Why so vast a square? It was designed to impress people with the hall` s grandeur and vastness. Imagine the following scene. Under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony into a fairyland. Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall. When the Emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played. Civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.

清朝末代皇帝溥儀1908年底登基時(shí)，年僅3歲，由他父親攝政王載灃把他抱扶到寶座上。當(dāng)大典開(kāi)始時(shí)差，突然鼓樂(lè)齊鳴，嚇得小皇帝哭鬧不止，嚷著要回家去。載灃急得滿頭大汗，只好哄著小皇帝說(shuō)：“別哭，別哭，快完了，快完了!”大臣們認(rèn)為此話不吉祥，說(shuō)來(lái)也巧，3年后清朝果真就滅亡了，從而結(jié)束了我國(guó)2000多年的封建統(tǒng)治。

The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, His father carried him to the throne. At the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared. He was so scared that he kept crying and shouting, DI don't want to stay here. I want to go home.‖ His father tried to soothe him, saying, DIt'll all soon be finished. It'll all soon be finished‖ The ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious. Coincidentally, the Qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with concluded China’s feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years.

(在太和殿的石臺(tái)上)

On the stone terrace of the Hall of Supreme Harmony

這是銅香爐，，是皇帝舉行典禮時(shí)焚燒檀香用的。這里一共有18座，代表清朝18個(gè)省。殿外左右安放四個(gè)銅缸，象征”金甌無(wú)缺“，作為貯水防火之用。臺(tái)基東西兩側(cè)各有一只銅制仙鶴和龜，是長(zhǎng)壽的象征。這個(gè)由鉛鑄造成的器具叫嘉量，嘉量是當(dāng)時(shí)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)器，表示皇帝公平處事，誰(shuí)半斤,誰(shuí)八兩，心中自然有數(shù)。對(duì)面還有一個(gè)石頭做成的器具叫做日晷，是古代的測(cè)時(shí)儀?；实鄣囊馑际牵毫亢蜁r(shí)的基準(zhǔn)都在自己手里。

This is a bronze incense burner. In it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions. There are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the Sing monarchs. On either side of the Hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were placed in case of fire. Next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity. This copper-cast grain measure is called Djialiang.‖ It served as the national standard during the Qing dynasty. It was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rectification. On the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece. The jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the Emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time

太和殿正面有12根圓紅柱，東西約63米，南北進(jìn)深約37米，高35米，殿前丹陛三層五出，殿前后有金扉40個(gè)，金鎖窗16個(gè)，整個(gè)大殿雕梁畫(huà)棟，豪華富麗。殿內(nèi)中央設(shè)有2米高的平臺(tái)，上面擺放著雕有9條金龍的楠木寶座。后面有金漆圍屏，前面有御案，左右有對(duì)稱的寶象、角端、仙鶴、香筒等陳列品。象馱寶瓶，內(nèi)裝五谷，象征太平景象、五谷豐登。角端是我國(guó)古代神話傳說(shuō)中的一種神獸，可“日行一萬(wàn)八千里”，通曉四方語(yǔ)言，只有明君，它才捧書(shū)而至，護(hù)駕身旁。

In the very forefront of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are 12 scarlet, round pillars supporting the roof. The hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south. It is 35 meters in height. In front of this architecture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance. It has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams. In the middle of the hall, a throne carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform. Behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is an imperial desk. The flanks are decorated with elephants, Luduan (a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels. The elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals (i. e. rice, two kinds In the very forefront of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are 12 scarlet, round pillars supporting the roof. The hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south. It is 35 meters in height. In front of this architecture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance. It has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams. In the middle of the hall, a throne carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform. Behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is an imperial desk. The flanks are decorated with elephants, Luduan (a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels. The elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals (i. e. rice, two kinds

太和殿也叫金鑾殿，為什么這么叫呢?因殿內(nèi)為金磚墁地而得名。金磚墁地平整如鏡，光滑細(xì)膩，像是灑了一層水，發(fā)著幽暗的光。那么金磚真的含金嗎?其實(shí)這是一種用特殊方法燒制的磚，工藝考究，復(fù)雜，專為皇宮而制，敲起來(lái)有金石之聲，所以稱作“金磚”。燒這種磚，每一塊相當(dāng)于一石大米的價(jià)錢(qián)，可見(jiàn)金磚雖不含金，但也確實(shí)貴重。

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is also popularly known as Jinluan Dian (gold bell hall or the throne hall). The floor of the hall is laid with bricks that turn it into a smooth, fine surface as if water has been sprinkled on it. The so-called golden brick, in fact, has nothing to do with gold. Reserved exclusively for the construction of the royal court, it was made in a secretive, and complex way, and, when struck, sounds like the clink of a gold bar. Each brick was worth the market price of one dan (or one hectoliter) of ric

殿內(nèi)共有72根大主柱，支撐其全部重量，其中6根雕龍金柱，瀝粉貼金，圍繞著寶座周圍。在殿中央

有一藻井，是從古代“天井”和“天窗”形式演變面來(lái)，為中國(guó)古代建筑的特色之一。主要設(shè)置在“尊貴”的建筑物上，有“神圣”之意。在藻井中央部位，有一浮雕蟠龍，口銜一球(球?yàn)殂~胎中空，外涂水銀)，此球叫軒轅鏡，傳說(shuō)是遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代軒轅黃帝制造的，懸球與藻井蟠龍聯(lián)在起，構(gòu)成游龍戲珠的形式，懸于帝王寶座上方，以示中國(guó)歷代皇帝都是軒轅的子孫，是黃帝正統(tǒng)繼承者。它使殿堂富麗堂皇，雍容華貴。鏡下正好對(duì)著寶座，據(jù)說(shuō)是袁世凱怕大球掉下來(lái)把他砸死，故將寶座向后挪到現(xiàn)在的位置。關(guān)于龍椅，這里面有段故事。1916年(民國(guó)五年)袁世凱登基時(shí)，把原來(lái)的寶座搬走了，換了一把西式高背大椅，上飾他自己設(shè)計(jì)的帝國(guó)徽號(hào)。據(jù)說(shuō)他的腿短，因而將椅座降低。新中國(guó)成立后，為了尋找那把龍椅，根據(jù)過(guò)去的一張照片，在破家具庫(kù)找到了一把破椅，經(jīng)專家鑒定，這椅子就是皇帝寶座，后經(jīng)修復(fù)展出。

The hall is supported by a total of 72 thick pillars. Of these, 6 are carved in dragon patterns and painted with gold and surround the throne. Above the very center of this hall there is a zaojing, or covered ceiling, which is one of the Specialities of China's ancient architecture. In the middle of the ceiling is a design of a dragon playing with a ball inlaid with peals. This copper ball, hollow inside and covered with mercury, is known as the Xuanyuan Mirror and is thought to be made Xuanyuan, a legendary monarch dating back to remote antiquity. The placing of the caisson above the throne is meant to suggest that all of China's successive emperors are Zuanyuan's descendants and hereditary heirs. Now you might have noticed that the Xuanyuan mirror is not directly above the throne. Why? It is rumored that Yuan Shikai, a self-acclaimed warlord-turned emperor moved the throne further back because he was afraid that the mirror might fall on him. In 1916 when Yuan Shikai became emperor, he removed the original throne with a Western-style, high-back chair. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 the throne was found in a shabby furniture warehouse. It repaired and returned to the hall

(帶客人至太和殿東或西側(cè)銅缸處)

(Leading the tourist to the bronze vats either on the east or the west)

古人把陳設(shè)在殿堂皇屋宇前的大缸，稱為“門(mén)?！?，門(mén)海者，蓋“門(mén)前大?！敝猓湃讼嘈?，門(mén)前有大海，就不怕鬧火災(zāi)。因此，大缸又稱為吉祥缸。它既是陳設(shè)品，又是消防器材。在科學(xué)不民達(dá)的古代，宮中沒(méi)有自來(lái)水，更沒(méi)有消防器材。因此，缸內(nèi)必須長(zhǎng)年儲(chǔ)滿水以備不虞。

the water vats in front of the palaces or house were called Dmenhai,‖ or sea before the door by the ancient Chinese. They believed that with a sea by the door, fire could not wreak havoc. The vats served both as a decoration and as a fire extinguisher. They were kept full of water all year round.

清代時(shí)，共有308口大缸，按其質(zhì)量分類三種，即鎏金銅缸、燒古銅缸和鐵缸，其中最珍貴的是鎏金銅缸。然而這些鎏金銅缸沒(méi)有逃脫侵略者刺刀刮體的厄運(yùn)。侵略者是誰(shuí)?是英、美、德、法、俄、日、意、奧八國(guó)聯(lián)軍。為了鎮(zhèn)壓中國(guó)人民反帝的義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，1900年的8月13日至8月15日，八國(guó)聯(lián)軍攻陷北京，進(jìn)占紫禁城。救死扶傷和軍官們燒、殺、搶、掠，從宮中及頤和園等處動(dòng)掠奪的文物在各侵略國(guó)使館區(qū)堆積如山，至今仍有大量文物被倫敦、巴黎、紐約博物館攫為已有。這一切包括眼前這口缸上的道道刮痕都已成為帝國(guó)主義侵略中國(guó)的鐵證。是偽統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，大缸被拉出宮門(mén)，裝上日本侵略軍的卡車，用去制作子彈，再反過(guò)來(lái)屠殺我國(guó)人民。

During the Qing Dynasty, they were altogether 308 vats in the palace enclosure. They were made of gilt bronze or iron. Of course, the gilt bronze vats were of the best quality. When the allied forces (Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, Italy, Japan and Austria) invaded Beijing in 1900 under the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, the invaders ransacked the imperial compound and scraped and gold off the vats with their bayonets. During the Japanese occupation of Beijing, many vats were trucked away by the Japanese to be made into bullets

(中和殿前)

In front of the Hall of Complete Harmony

眼前這個(gè)方形建筑是中和殿?；实叟e行大典前，先到此暫坐休息，會(huì)見(jiàn)一些官員?；实廴ヌ臁⒌?、日、月四壇祭祀時(shí)，前一天也要在中和殿里看祭文。每年二月皇帝到先家壇舉行親耕儀式，前一天要來(lái)這里閱視種子、農(nóng)具、祝文。這里現(xiàn)在陳列的是乾隆年間的兩面三刀頂肩輿，即八抬大轎

The square architecture before us is called the Hall of Complete Harmony. It served as an antechamber. The Emperor came here to meet with his countiers and add his final touches to the prayers which would be read at the ancestral Temple. The seeds, snowers and prayer intended for spring sowing were also examined here. The two Qing sedan chairs here on display were used for traveling within the palace during the reign of Emperor Qianlong.

城角

故宮的四個(gè)城角，每一個(gè)角上有一座九梁十八柱七十二條脊的角樓，建造的可好看了。這四座角摟是怎么蓋的呢?北京有這么個(gè)傳說(shuō)――明朝的燕王朱隸在南京做了永樂(lè)皇帝以后，因?yàn)楸本┦撬鐾鯛敃r(shí)候的老地方，就想遷都北京，于是就派了親信大臣到北京蓋皇官。朱隸告訴這個(gè)大臣：要在皇宮外墻――紫禁城的四個(gè)犄角上，蓋四座樣子特別美麗的角樓，每座角樓要有九梁十八柱、七十二條脊。并且說(shuō)：“你就做這個(gè)管工大臣吧，如果修蓋的不好是要?dú)㈩^的!”管工大臣領(lǐng)了皇帝的諭旨后，心里非常發(fā)愁，不知如何蓋這九梁十八柱、七十二條脊的角樓。

管工大臣到了北京以后，就把八十一家大包工木廠的工頭、木匠們都叫來(lái)，跟他們說(shuō)了皇帝的旨意，限期三個(gè)月，叫他們一定要按期蓋成這四座怪樣子的角樓，并且說(shuō)：“如果蓋不成，皇帝自然要?dú)⑽业念^，可是在沒(méi)殺我的頭之前，我就先把你們的頭砍了，所以當(dāng)心你們的腦袋?！惫ゎ^和木匠們對(duì)這樣的工程都沒(méi)把握，只好常常在一塊琢磨法子。

三個(gè)月的期限是很短的，一轉(zhuǎn)眼就是一個(gè)月了，工頭和木匠們還沒(méi)想出一點(diǎn)頭緒、一點(diǎn)辦法來(lái)，他們做了許多樣型，都不合適。這時(shí)候，正趕上六七月的三伏天氣，熱得人都喘不上氣來(lái)，加上心里煩悶，工頭和木匠們真是坐也不合適，躺也不合適。有這么一位木匠師傅，實(shí)在呆不住了，就上大街閑遛去了。

走著走著，聽(tīng)見(jiàn)老遠(yuǎn)傳來(lái)一片蟈蟈的吵叫聲，接著、又聽(tīng)見(jiàn)一聲吆喝：“買(mǎi)蟈蟈，聽(tīng)叫去，睡不著，解悶兒去!”走近一看，是一個(gè)老頭兒挑著許多大大小小秫秸編的蟈蟈籠子，在沿街叫賣(mài)。其中有一個(gè)細(xì)秫秸棍插的蟈蟈籠子，精巧得跟畫(huà)里的一座樓閣一樣，里頭裝著幾只蟈蟈，木匠師傅想：反正是煩心的事，該死的活不了，買(mǎi)個(gè)好看的籠子，看著也有趣兒，于是就買(mǎi)下了。

這個(gè)木匠提著蟈蟈籠子，回到了工地。大伙兒一看就吵嚷起來(lái)了：“人們都心里怪煩的，你怎么買(mǎi)一籠子蟈蟈來(lái)，成心吵人是怎么著?”木匠笑著說(shuō)：“大家睡不著解個(gè)悶兒吧，你們瞧”他原想說(shuō)你們瞧這個(gè)籠子多么好看呀!可是他還沒(méi)說(shuō)出嘴來(lái)，就覺(jué)得這籠子有點(diǎn)特別。他急忙擺著手說(shuō)：“你們先別吵吵嚷嚷的，讓我數(shù)數(shù)再說(shuō)?！八严X蟈籠子的梁啊、柱啊、脊呀細(xì)細(xì)地?cái)?shù)了一遍又一遍，大伙被他這一數(shù)，也吸引得留了神，靜靜地直著眼睛看著，一點(diǎn)聲音也沒(méi)有。

木匠數(shù)完了蟈蟈籠子，蹦起來(lái)一拍大腿說(shuō)：“這不正是九梁十八柱七十二條脊么?”大伙一聽(tīng)都高興了，這個(gè)接過(guò)籠子數(shù)數(shù)，那個(gè)也接過(guò)籠子數(shù)數(shù)，都說(shuō)：“真是九梁十八柱、七十二條脊的樓閣啊，”

大伙兒受這個(gè)籠子的啟發(fā)，琢磨出了紫禁城角樓的樣子，燙出紙漿做出樣型，最后修成了到現(xiàn)在還存在的角摟。