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第一篇：開題報告英文翻譯

在現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)中，如何高速和可靠地傳輸信息成為人們關(guān)注的一個焦點(diǎn)。雖然現(xiàn)在數(shù)據(jù)傳輸理論和實(shí)踐已經(jīng)取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)展，但是隨著通信的發(fā)展，特別是無線通信業(yè)務(wù)的增長，可以利用的頻率資源日趨緊張。OFDM調(diào)制技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)為實(shí)現(xiàn)高效的抗干擾調(diào)制技術(shù)和提高頻帶利用率開辟了一條的新路徑。正交頻分復(fù)用（OFDM，Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）是當(dāng)前一種非常熱門的通信技術(shù)。它即可以被看作是一種調(diào)制技術(shù)，也可以被看作是一種復(fù)用技術(shù)。由于它具有抗多徑衰落和頻譜利用率高的特點(diǎn)，因此被廣泛應(yīng)用于高速數(shù)字通信領(lǐng)域，比如應(yīng)用于IEEE 802.11a無線局域網(wǎng)（WLAN）的物理層等等。 本文敘述了正交頻分復(fù)用技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生背景、發(fā)展歷史、基本原理和OFDM系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法。其中OFDM的原理部分介紹了OFDM的系統(tǒng)組成、調(diào)制方式、信道的分配以及使用OFDM技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢與不足所在，指出在短波通信中采用OFDM體制需要解決的幾個關(guān)鍵性技術(shù)。最后總結(jié)了OFDM系統(tǒng)的性能特點(diǎn)以及在實(shí)際中的應(yīng)用, 并且展望了今后的無線移動技術(shù)的發(fā)展前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：正交頻分復(fù)用；調(diào)制；解調(diào)；4G

In modern communication system, how to transmit information with high speed reliablely become a focus that people pay attention to. Though now, data transmission theory and practice have gotten fairly big progress, but along with the development of communication, especially the increase of wireless communication business but with a view to with frequency resource become tense day by day. The appearance of OFDM modulation technology is the modulation technology of interference rejection that realizes efficiency with raising the utilization rate of frequency band have opened up a new route. Because of wireless environment where multipath maybe significant, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a special form of multicarrier modulation (MCM), where a single data stream is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers has recently received considerable attention for its robustness to multipath selective fading and high bandwidth efficiency. It can be seen as either a modulation technique or a multiplexing technique.

This paper has narrated orthogonality frequency to divide, use again the technical realization method that produces the system of background, development history,

basic principle and OFDM. In which, the principle system of OFDM that has introduced OFDM partially forms and makes the distribution of way and channel as well as uses insufficient place and the advantage of OFDM technology, point out in some crucialness technologies that short wave solves in communication with OFDM system needs. Have summarized the performance characteristic of OFDM system as well as the application in reality finally, and have looked ahead in the future wireless move technology develop prospect.

Keywords:

OFDM（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）；Demodulation；4G Modulation；

第二篇：英語論文開題報告范文

論文題目：the Application and Innovation

一、選題的意義和研究現(xiàn)狀

1.選題的目的、理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義

長時期以來，人們視艾米莉?勃朗特為英國文學(xué)中的“斯芬克斯”。關(guān)于她本人和她的作品都有很多難解之謎，許多評論家從不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究，得出了不同的結(jié)論，因而往往是舊謎剛解，新謎又出，解謎熱潮似永無休止。

本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng)，同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力，將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體，給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力，達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一，使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”，又超越了維多利亞時代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”，從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。

2.與選題相關(guān)的國內(nèi)外研究和發(fā)展概況

二、研究方案

1.研究的基本內(nèi)容及預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）

研究的基本內(nèi)容：本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng)，同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力，將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體，給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力，達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一，使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”，又超越了維多利亞時代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”，從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。

預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）：

1.A Survey of Gothic

1.1Definition of Gothic

2Emily’s Gothic Heritage

2.1Theme

2.1.1Good and Evil

2.2Characters Description

2.2.1Villainhero

2.2.2Delicate Young Girl

2.3Atmosphere，Environment and Plot

2.3.1Terror

2.3.2Mystery

2.3.3Supernatural

3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation

3.1Combination of romanticism and Realism

3.1.1Change of the Background

3.1.3Stream of Consciousness

3.1.4Illusion and Subconsciousness

3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology

2.擬采用的研究方法 主要有資料查找、理論探討研究、閱讀法

3.研究所需條件和可能存在的`問題

研究所需條件：紙張、打印設(shè)備、圖書館、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲取國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)資料；可能存在的問題：

(1)文獻(xiàn)不足。

(2)由于個人的觀點(diǎn)和能力，使對研究對象分析不夠全面和深入。

三、研究進(jìn)度安排、參考文獻(xiàn)及審查意見

1.研究進(jìn)度安排

（1）論文指導(dǎo)第一周（學(xué)期第八周）：學(xué)生完成初稿。

（2）論文指導(dǎo)第二周（學(xué)期第九周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱論文初稿后發(fā)回修改。

（3）論文指導(dǎo)第三周（學(xué)期第十周）：學(xué)生交論文第二稿。

（4）論文指導(dǎo)第四周（學(xué)期第十一周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱第二稿并發(fā)回給學(xué)生進(jìn)一步修改。

（5）論文指導(dǎo)第五周（學(xué)期第十二周）：定稿

（6）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和電子文本。

（7）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：本周星期五至論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第周）星期五，指導(dǎo)教師和評閱教師寫評語，學(xué)生做好答辯準(zhǔn)備。

（8）論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第十四周）：星期三至論文指導(dǎo)第八周（學(xué)期第十五周）開展答辯工作。

第三篇：2011英語論文開題報告范文

function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introductionthe intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.2 outline2.1 development and major concepts of dtsin this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 methodolgyi will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 dts in contrast to other theoriesa contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 case studyin this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 conclusionbased on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)0000附錄2- 引文范例(僅供參考)“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(wilss, 1982: 217)‘“噢，這就是恐水病吧？你們貴族圈子怎么流行起這種病來啦？真夠嗆的！費(fèi)芬斯小姐，您喝點(diǎn)茶大概沒關(guān)系吧！”’（張南峰，1990：59-60）附錄3- 參考文獻(xiàn)范例(僅供參考)wilss, wolfram. the science of translation C problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall, 1988.delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.專 業(yè)： 研究方向： 作 者： 導(dǎo) 師： 寫作時間： ― 對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)英語學(xué)院（英文）school of international studiesuniversity of international business and economicspragmatic strategies in advertising: implicatureswang yinga thesis submitted to school of international studies of university of international business and economicsin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of arts

第四篇：翻譯碩士開題報告

一、本選題的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀與趨勢（文獻(xiàn)綜述，含前人的研究成果，當(dāng)前的研究動態(tài)、存在的問題和自己的見解，不少于2000字）

“漢語中的最早的修辭一詞出現(xiàn)在《易·乾卦·文言》之中，書中提到“君子進(jìn)德修業(yè)。忠信，所以進(jìn)德也；修辭立其誠，所以居業(yè)也，” 是修飾文辭的意思（陳望道，1932）?！标愅老壬摹缎揶o學(xué)發(fā)凡》是中國第一部系統(tǒng)的修辭學(xué)巨著，他認(rèn)為“修辭是加強(qiáng)言辭或文句效果的藝術(shù)手法修飾自己的文章、語言，吸引別人的注意力、加深別人的印象和抒情效果（陳望道，1932）?！薄霸谥袊揶o指的是文辭或修飾文辭。從狹義上講是指文字修辭；從廣義上看包括文章的謀篇布局，遣詞造句的全過程（楊樹達(dá), 2006）?！?常見的修辭方法有：比喻、比擬、借代、夸張、對偶、排比、設(shè)問、反問、反復(fù)、襯托、用典、化用、互文等。而西方的修辭學(xué)更適合稱為修辭藝術(shù)或雄辯術(shù)，更是指演說的技術(shù)。在亞里士多德著作《修辭術(shù)》的第一句，他將修辭描述為辯證法的相對物，即是說辯證方法是找尋真理的要素，修辭方法便用作交流真理。由此可見中西方對于“修辭”有著不同的理解。從古希臘修辭學(xué)的起源、古羅馬公共論辯的興盛，到中世紀(jì)修辭學(xué)的萎縮，修辭學(xué)研究經(jīng)歷了一段時間的衰落時期，最后在20世紀(jì)形成與社會的方方面面相交之的新修辭學(xué)。國內(nèi)也有知名學(xué)者致力于西方修辭學(xué)的研究。例如：劉亞猛（2004）出版了《追求象征的力量》，這是一部新穎、獨(dú)特的研究西方修辭學(xué)的專著。作者研究了修辭傳統(tǒng)、修辭理論和實(shí)踐，以及哲學(xué)、語言、政治、文化、交流等諸多領(lǐng)域，研究修辭的各種表現(xiàn)形式及它們之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，探討了話語權(quán)利、說服手段、受眾目標(biāo)等政治、法律、教育、傳媒各界關(guān)注的熱門話題。劉亞猛教授在2008年出版了《西方修辭學(xué)史》一書，系統(tǒng)全面地梳理了“西方修辭學(xué)”這一源遠(yuǎn)流長、博大精深的學(xué)科之發(fā)展脈絡(luò)與嬗變歷程，囊括了亞里士多德、西塞羅、昆提利安等西方歷史上最重要、最主要的修辭思想家。作者以一名中國學(xué)人的獨(dú)到視角，對他們的修辭思想和代表作進(jìn)行了出色的跨文化、跨語境的原創(chuàng)性解讀與評述。 韋恩·C.布斯（1921－2005），是美國著名的修辭學(xué)家、文學(xué)批評家。1961年出版的《小說修辭學(xué)》被學(xué)術(shù)界稱為“二十世紀(jì)小說理論的里程碑”。他的著作還有《反諷修辭學(xué)》（1974）、《批評的理解：多元論的力量與局限》（1979）、《我們所交的朋友：小說倫理學(xué)》（1988）、《修辭的修辭學(xué)》（2004）等。布斯權(quán)威地向我們展示了美國修辭研究從二十世紀(jì)中葉以來在理論上取得的成就及其自我認(rèn)識。國內(nèi)也有不少學(xué)者致力于對韋恩布斯作品及其理論的研究，例如：劉亞猛（2007）研究了韋恩布斯的《關(guān)于修辭的修辭》一書，對有效修辭進(jìn)行求索；汪建峰（2011）介紹了韋恩布斯修辭思想中的“一體兩面”即“同意修辭”和“傾聽修辭” ；李克； 王湘云（2014）對韋恩·布斯的隱喻觀作了梳理與分析,主要闡析了布斯對隱喻的概念本質(zhì)、評價等方面的理解,分析了布斯的隱喻觀與西方修辭學(xué)之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)；等等。

雖然國內(nèi)有不少學(xué)者致力于西方修辭學(xué)的研究，但有關(guān)于西方修辭學(xué)的譯作卻為數(shù)不多。例如有，由羅念生翻譯的亞里士多德所著的《修辭學(xué)》；王曉朝譯的《西塞羅全集》；由顏

一、崔延強(qiáng)所翻譯的《修辭術(shù)》；穆雷與其學(xué)生翻譯的《修辭的復(fù)興——韋恩·布斯精粹》；華明與付禮軍分別譯出了兩個不同譯版的《小說修辭說》；汪建峰的譯作《《中美混合修辭的崛起——兼讀中式簽語餅》(Reading Chinese Fortune Cookies: The Making of Chinese American Rhetoric) 西方的修辭學(xué)譯作無疑是人們學(xué)習(xí)和研究西方修辭思想的重要橋梁。翻譯是一項(xiàng)歷史悠久的活動。在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的今天，翻譯在世界各國之間文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、哲學(xué)、科學(xué)技術(shù)、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的頻繁交流與往來，維護(hù)世界的穩(wěn)定和持久和平，發(fā)揮了不可估量的作用。翻譯是不同文化、不同語言的轉(zhuǎn)化，是為了更好地交流與學(xué)習(xí)。要想翻譯出合格的作品，譯者在翻譯過程中要綜合考慮原文本、文化以及目標(biāo)語讀者等因素的基礎(chǔ)上采用一定的方法和技巧遣詞造句，翻譯出讓目標(biāo)語讀者能夠接受的譯文。而修辭學(xué)這一類的學(xué)術(shù)型著作，有較高的理論性、系統(tǒng)性，在翻譯的過程中也必須還原出原文的系統(tǒng)性、理論性與邏輯性。劉亞猛教授（2014）在“修辭是翻譯思想的觀念的母體”一文中，闡述了翻譯與修辭密切聯(lián)系，他認(rèn)為翻譯的“信”與“忠實(shí)”本質(zhì)上是一種修辭構(gòu)筑

《布斯精粹》（The Essential Wayne Booth）是由韋恩·布斯的弟子在布斯逝世后，收集其文集，編撰整理的。這部文集幾乎涵蓋了布斯的所有重要主題：從倫理、流行文化和教學(xué)，到簡·奧斯汀、莎士比亞和巴赫金，并從各個層面展現(xiàn)了這位舉足輕重的批評家對文學(xué)、修辭學(xué)等多個研究領(lǐng)域的重要貢獻(xiàn)，其雄辯有力的文風(fēng)發(fā)人深省，振奮人心。《布斯精粹》這本書的第六章節(jié)講的是“反諷”修辭。在這一章節(jié)中布斯將“反諷”分為“穩(wěn)定反諷”和“非穩(wěn)定反諷”，就反諷的本質(zhì)及其功能進(jìn)行深入的探討。同時他也將修辭視角引入對文學(xué)作品中反諷的解讀，從修辭的角度探討反諷敘事。這里的“修辭”不同于傳統(tǒng)修辭格,它是指作者、敘述者及讀者之間的修辭關(guān)系。反諷敘事即作者通過敘述技巧的控制,在文本閱讀中形成表里不一暗含嘲弄諧謔的否定效果。反諷敘事是傳遞不同情感和價值的有力手段,是從作者控制、讀者反應(yīng)和文本呈現(xiàn)三方面展開的。他認(rèn)為反諷最大的價值在于其修辭效果。

《布斯精粹》這本書是學(xué)術(shù)類領(lǐng)域的專著，描述對象較為抽象，且書中含有自成體系的修辭學(xué)術(shù)語，如Rhetrickery(詭辭)、Rhetorology（修辭藝術(shù)）等等。正是因?yàn)槲恼聦W(xué)術(shù)性的特點(diǎn)，書中每個章節(jié)都有大量的長難句，理解起來有一定的難度，翻譯成中文時還要兼顧中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，所以翻譯起來有一定的難度。

穆雷（2008）與其學(xué)生曾一起翻譯過The Essential Wayne Booth一書，并把書名譯為《修辭的復(fù)興》。筆者認(rèn)為書中的有些篇章段落翻譯得甚好，值得翻譯者們借鑒和學(xué)習(xí)，但也有少許地方不太符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。筆者想從《布斯精粹》（The Essential Wayne Booth）一書中選取自己感興趣的第六章節(jié)“The Empire of irony”，做一份翻譯實(shí)踐報告，說明翻譯的過程，尤其是解決難點(diǎn)的過程，并與穆雷的此章翻譯產(chǎn)生對話，進(jìn)行對比，提出自己的看法、譯法與見解，總結(jié)此次翻譯任務(wù)中的心得體會、翻譯過程中的不足，及努力的方向。

第五篇：開題報告英文版

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

第六篇：英文版開題報告

英文版開題報告模板

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Function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.